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N3 Providor Exam 3 > Health Surveillance (Epidemiology) > Flashcards

Health Surveillance (Epidemiology) Flashcards

1
Q

*Define epidemiology

A

Study of the distribution and determinants of health and disease in human populations

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2
Q

3 goals of epidemiology

A
  • Monitor health
  • Understand determinants of health
  • Investigate interventions to prevent diseases
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3
Q
  • What are the 2 types of epidemiology
A
  • descriptive

- Analytic

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4
Q

*What is descriptive epidemiology?

A

Uses person, place, and time variables to describe disease patterns

-look at the what and where

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5
Q

What are some potential person, place, and time variables?

A
  • Age
  • Sex
  • Ethnicity
  • Race
  • Socioeconomic status
  • Occupation
  • Education
  • Family status
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6
Q

*What is analytic epidemiology?

A

examines complex relationships among determinate of disease

  • Looks at why and how
  • Lots of comparisons (populations)
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7
Q

*Define communicable diseases

A

An infectious disease or infestation that is transmitted from one person or animal to another, directly or indirectly

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8
Q

*Models for epidemiological investigation

A
  • Epidemiological triangle
  • Web of causation

-Identification of risk (listed on slide not explored as much in the rest of the ppt.)

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9
Q

*What are the points of the epidemiological triangle?

A
  • Host
  • Agent
  • Environment

-Vector (or time) in the center

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10
Q

*Define an agent

A

An organism that is capable of producing an infection or infectious disease

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11
Q

*What type of things is an agent typically?

A

Microorganism

  • bacteria
  • virus
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12
Q

Is lice an infestation or infection?

A

Infestation

-often considered communicable disease/infection. ( which is still a communicable disease according to the definition, so I don’t get this point on the slide)

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13
Q

*What are the 5 characteristics of an infectious agent?

A
  • Infectivity
  • Pathogenicity
  • Virulence
  • Toxicity
  • Antigenicity
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14
Q

*Define Infectivity

A

The ability of an agent to enter and multiply/replicate in a host

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15
Q

*Define Pathogenicity

A

Ability of an agent to produce a specific clinical reaction after the infection occur

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16
Q

*Define Virulence

A

Ability of an agent to produce a sever pathological reaction

-How severe is the reaction

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17
Q

*Define Toxicity

A

Ability of an agent to produce a poisonous reaction

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18
Q

*Define Antigenicity

A

Ability of an agent to stimulate an immunological response

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19
Q

*Define a host

A

The human or animal in which a agent can survive/infect

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20
Q

Define host resistance

A

Ability of the host to withstand infection

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21
Q

*What are the 5 types of host resistance

A
  • Natural immunity
  • Acquired immunity
  • Active immunization
  • Passive immunization
  • Herd immunity
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22
Q

*Define natural immunity

A

innate/natural resistance in a species

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23
Q

*Define Acquired immunity

A

A resistance gained due to a previous exposure to an infectious agent

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24
Q

*Define Active immunization

A

Administration of an antigen which leads to production of the antibody by the host

-live vaccines will do this

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25
Q

*Define Passive immunization

A

The transfer of a specific antibody to a non-immunized person. (have antibody, but will not create their own)

-breastfeeding (mom-baby)

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26
Q

*Define infectiousness

A

A measure of the potential ability of an infected host to transmit the infection to other hosts

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27
Q

*Define environment (in relation to epidemiology)

A

All external factors outside/external to the human host

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28
Q

*Examples of environmental (epidemiological) factors

A
  • Physical
  • Biological
  • Social
  • Cultural
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29
Q

Define a reservoir

(i want an example)

A

Location where an agent lives and reproduces under normal circumstances

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30
Q

Define Source

(I want an example)

A

Location where the organism is immediately transmitted `to the host

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31
Q

*What are the 2 types/categories of transmission modes

A
  • Vertical

- Horizontal

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32
Q

*What are the 4 types of transmission

A
  • Direct
  • Indirect
  • Vector-borne
  • Airborne
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33
Q

*Define verticle transmission

A

An agent is passed from parent to infant

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34
Q

*Where/when vertical transmission can occur

A
  • breast-milk
  • Through the placenta
  • Sperm
  • Contact with the vaginal canal at birth
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35
Q

*Define horizontal transmission

A

person-to-person spreading

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36
Q

*define direct transmission (horizontal)

A

immediate transfer through physical contact

  • Kissing
  • Sex
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37
Q

*Define indirect transmission

horizontal

A

infection spread through indirect contact with a vehicla

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38
Q

*Potential vehicles

A
  • Food
  • Water
  • milk
  • Biological secretions
  • Objects (toys, dishtowels, counters, ect)
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39
Q

*Define vector-borne transmission

horizontal

A

Carriers of the infectious agent, typically animals/insects

  • Mosquitoes
  • Lyme disease
40
Q

*Define Airborne transmission

horizontal

A

Infection spread through contaminated droplets in the air

  • Coughing
  • Sneezing
41
Q

*Example of diseases spread through airborne transmission

A
  • Flu
  • Rubella
  • TB
42
Q

*What are the stages in the chain of transmission

A

Reservoir
Mode of transmission
Susceptible host

43
Q

*What does the chain of transmission show?

A

There have to be certain things in place for a successful transmission/spread of an agent

44
Q

Example of a reservoir

A
  • Human
  • Rat
  • Body of water
45
Q

*What is the web of causation?

A

A way of mapping out the interaction and complexity of risk factors that lead to chronic disease

46
Q

*what is the person-place-time model used for?

A

Used in helping to define outbreak/endemic/epidemic in epidemiology.

47
Q

*Person-place-time model: Person

A

‘Who”

  • Demographic characteristics (age, gender, ethnicity)
  • Health and disease statistics
48
Q

*Person-place-time model: place

A

“Where”

  • Geographic location
  • Climate
  • Environmental condition
  • Political/social environment
49
Q

*Person-place-time model: time

A

“When”

  • Time of day
  • Week
  • Moth
  • Secular trends over months/years
50
Q

*Define infection

A

Entry, development, and multiplication of the infectious disease in a host

51
Q

*Define disease

A

One possible outcome of an infection

52
Q

*Define incubation period

A

Time between the invasion/entry of an infectious agent and the first s/s of a disease

53
Q

*Define communicable period

A

Interval in which an infectious agent can be transferred from one infected person to another

54
Q

*Are the periods of incubation, entry, and being infectious independent?

A

NO

image on slide 21

55
Q

What is an epidemic curve?

A

Graphic depiction of the number of outbreaks of a disease and when they occurred.

56
Q

What can be seen/figured out from an epidemic curve?

A
  • min, max, and average incubation period
  • Secondary cases
  • Time trend
  • probable exposure
57
Q

*Define endemic

A

Disease is constantly present in a given geographic area or population

ex/ pertussis in the us

58
Q

*Define epidemic

A

A greater-than-normally expected occurrence of a disease in a community or region

ex/

59
Q

*Define outbreak

A

Similar to an epidemic- greater than normally expected occurrence of a disease. BUT in a limited geographic area and smaller # of people.
(city vs country)

60
Q

*Define pandemic

A

Worldwide epidemic affecting large populations

61
Q

Define rate in relation to epidemiology

A

a measure of the frequency of a health event in a defined population in a specified period of time

62
Q

What is the numerator and denominator in a rate

A

numerator- number of events

denominator- population size in a specific time period

63
Q

What does a rate measure?

A

A measure of how fast something is happening

64
Q

What is a rate used for

A

-proportions to interpret raw data and make comparisons

65
Q

*What is a morbidity rate

A

The rate of illness in a defined population

66
Q

*What are the 3 primary morbidity rates

A

-incidence rates
~attack rates
-Prevalence rates

67
Q

*Incidence rates describe…

A

the new cases of disease pr condition in a community over a period of time

68
Q

*Attack rates are…

A

a type of incidence rate that documents the number of new cases of a disease in the people who have been exposed to that disease

69
Q

*Prevalence rates describe…

A

the number of all cases of a specific disease in a population at a given point in time

70
Q

*Prevalence is affected by what and how

A
  • incidence (inc)
  • recovery (dec)
  • death (dec)
  • duration (long inc)
71
Q

Attack rate numerator and denominator

A

numerator- # of people who developed the disease

denominator- # of people at risk

72
Q

*What is a mortality rate

A

death rate

73
Q

Why can mortality rates be wrong

A

They go off death certificates and they dont always have the correct cause of death

74
Q

What is the crude death rate?

A

Just straight up the number of people who died for a given place at a given time

75
Q

Age-specific death rate

A

the death rate for a particular age group

76
Q

Sex-specific death rate

A

the death rate for a specific sex

77
Q

Cause-specific death rate

A

the death rate for a specific cause or disease

78
Q

infant mortality rate

A

the death rate for children from birth to 1yr old

79
Q

Why are infant mortality rates misleading

A

-a neonatal/NICU baby who dies close to birth often has a very different cause of death than a infant closer to 1yr

80
Q

What does epidemic control aim to do

A

Control the patient, contacts and immediate environment to avoid worsening/spreading of the situation/disease

81
Q

Ways to exert epidemic control

A

-Isolation (lie in a ‘bubble’ or bodily fluids)
-Report
Restrain from sexual activity
-Disinfection
-Identification and quarantine of close contacts (possibly infected)
-Global awareness

82
Q

*Primary prevention: to reduce the incidence of disease

A
  • immunizations
  • Promotion of safer sex
  • Safe water and environment
  • Consistent use of universal precautions
83
Q

*Secondary prevention: to reduce disease prevelece

A
  • skin testing for TB
  • HIV testing
  • Contact investigation in TB
  • partner notification for AIDS and other STDs
  • screening for disease (in their early stages)
84
Q

*Tertiary prevention: reduces complications and disabilities of disease

A

-footwear/glove provision to leprocy patients to prevent trauma to these areas

85
Q

Guidelines for screening programs

A
  • want early DX
  • should plan follow-up if positive
  • treatment available
  • confidentiality ensured
  • test is cost effective and acceptable
  • should have high sensitivity and specificity
86
Q

What is sensitivity?

A

ability of a test to correctly identify those with the disease

87
Q

What is specificity?

A

ability of the test to correctly identify those without the disease

88
Q

High sensitivityhas…

A

few false negatives
or
many true positives

89
Q

High specificity has…

A

few false positives
or
many true negatives

90
Q

Low sensitivity has…

A

Many false negatives
or
few true positives

91
Q

Low specificity has…

A

Many false positives
or
few true negatives

92
Q

*methods used for epidemiology

A
  • cross-sectional studies
  • retrospective studies
  • prospective studies
  • experimental studies
93
Q

*what is involved in the development of a disease?

A
  • infection
  • disease
  • incubation period
  • communicable period
94
Q

*identification of risk factors

???

A

???

95
Q

*Food outbreak statistics-attack rate

???

A

???

N3 Providor Exam 3 (7 decks)

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