Health, Disease, Defence Mechanisms And Treatments

Question 1

Communicable Disease

Answer 1

A disease that can be passed from one organism (person) to another

Question 2

What are the most popular types of communicable diseases

Answer 2

Bacteria, Viruses and Fungi

Question 3

Lymphocyte

Answer 3

A type of white blood cell that produces antibodies

Question 4

Antigen

Answer 4

A distinctive marker on a microorganism that leads to the body producing specific antibodies

Question 5

Antibody

Answer 5

A structure produced by lymphocytes that has a complementary shape to antigens on a particular microorganism

Question 6

Memory lymphocyte

Answer 6

A special type of lymphocyte that can remain in the body for many years and produce antibodies quickly when required

Question 7

Phagocyte

Answer 7

A type of white blood cell that destroys microorganisms by engulfing them and then digesting then (phagocytosis)

Question 8

Primary Vs Secondary response

Answer 8

•Individuals affected by a disease-causeing bacterium or virus or usually ill for a few days before the antibody numbers are high enough to provide immunity (Primary Response)
•Memory lymphocytes can produce antibodies really quickly if the same disease occurs twice, stopping the individual from catching that same disease again (secondary response)

Question 9

Immunity

Answer 9

Freedom from disease

Question 10

Active immunity

Answer 10

The type of immunity produced when the body produces antibodies

Question 11

Passive immunity

Answer 11

The type of immunity produced by injecting antibodies

Question 12

What does passive immunity allow for?

Answer 12

It allows for the rapid (medical) treatment of very serious infections

Question 13

Vaccination

Answer 13

The injection of dead or modified pathogens (disease causing microorganisms) with the purpose of raising antibody and memory lymphocyte levels in the blood

Question 14

Antibiotic

Answer 14

A chemical produced by fungi that kills bacteria

Question 15

Antibiotic resistance

Answer 15

Sometimes bacteria can evolve and mutate. Making themselves resistant to antibiotics and effectively becoming Superbugs (such as MRSA)

Question 16

Procedures to reduce the incidence of Superbugs in hospitals

Answer 16

1) Not overusing Antibiotics
2) Increased hygiene measures in hospitals
3) Isolating Patients

Question 17

What are aseptic techniques?

Answer 17

Techniques used to avoid the growth of unwanted, pathogenic microorganisms

Question 18

Pathogenic bacteria

Answer 18

Bacteria that can cause disease

Question 19

Non-Communcable diseases

Answer 19

Diseases that are not passed from one person to another (not infectious). Usually caused by inheriting a combination of genes or due to a lifestyle.

Question 20

Effect of Tar/ Nicotine and Carbon Monoxide on the body

Answer 20

1) Emphysema (damage to alveoli reducing surface area for gas exchange)
2) Addictive and affects heart rate
3) combines with red blood cells to reduce the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood

Question 21

How Lifestyle can affect health- Diet/Overexposure to Sun/ Alcohol

Answer 21

1) Poor diet leads to obesity
2) UV can cause mutations leading to skin cancer
3) Damage the liver or affect foetal development

Question 22

Cardiovascular Diseases

Answer 22

Heart Disease - caused by the build up of cholesterol that consequently blocks the passage of bloodto coronary arteries, resulting in the inability of the heart to respire/ produce energy causing a heart attack
Stroke - same idea but in the brain.

Question 23

Treating Cardiovascular Diseases

Answer 23

Angioplasty and Stents - a medical technique involving the use of balloon like structures to hold open diseased arteries so that stents (small mesh like structures) can be inserted into the blood vessels to keep them open.
Drugs (Station - help reduce blood cholesterol) (Aspirin - helps ‘thin’ the blood and makes it less ‘sticky’

Question 24

Cancer

Answer 24

A range of diseases caused by uncontrolled cell division

Question 25

Benign Tumour

Answer 25

A tumour that is encapsulated and does not spread to other parts of the body

Question 26

Malignant tumour

Answer 26

A tumour that is not surrounded by a capsule and is capable of spreading around the body

Question 27

Economic costs to the NHS of treating disease

Answer 27

1) Long term treatment / stays in hospital
2) expensive drugs / medicines
3) highly trained/ specialist staff is required