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MT101 > Health Care Waste Management > Flashcards

Health Care Waste Management Flashcards

1
Q

According to WHO/UNICEF 2015: Only 24 countries had adequate systems in place for the safe disposal of health care wastes

A

true

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2
Q

Facts on Health Care Waste (WHO)
__% generated non-hazardous wastes

A

75-90%

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3
Q

Facts on Health Care Waste (WHO)
___% Considered hazardous and may be infectious, toxic, or radioactive

A

10-25%

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4
Q

0.5 kg hazardous wastes per hospital bed per day

A

High-income countries

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5
Q

0.2 kg hazardous wastes per hospital bed per day

A

Low-income countries

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6
Q

Facts on Health Care Waste (Philippines)
____% - Hazardous health care wastes

A

30.37%

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7
Q

Facts on Health Care Waste (Philippines)
____% - general wastes

A

69.63%

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8
Q

Philippines hospitals (per hospital bed per day)
____kg infectious sharps and pathological wastes

A

0.34kg

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9
Q

Philippines hospitals (per hospital bed per day)
____kg general wastes

A

0.39kg

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10
Q

Health Care Waste Generators

A

Hospitals and medical centers
Infirmaries
Birthing homes
Drug manufacturers
Mortuary and autopsy centers
Clinics and other health-related facilities
Laboratories and research centers
Institutions

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11
Q

All wastes suspected to contain pathogens or toxins in sufficient concentration that may cause disease to a susceptible host

A

Infectious Wastes

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12
Q

Includes discarded materials or equipments used for diagnosis, treatment, and management of patients with infectious diseases.

A

Infectious wastes

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13
Q

Tissue sections and body fluids or organs derived from biopsies, autopsies, or surgical procedures sent to the laboratory for examination.

A

Pathological and Anatomical Waste

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14
Q

Subgroup referring to recognizable body parts usually from amputation procedures

A

Anatomic waste

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15
Q

Waste items that can cause cuts, pricks, or puncture wounds.
It is considered the MOST DANGEROUS health care waste because of their potential to cause both injury and infection

A

Sharps

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16
Q

Discarded chemicals generated during disinfections and sterilization procedures
Includes wastes with high content of heavy metals and their derivatives

A

Chemical Wastes

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17
Q

Chemical are considered hazardous when they are:

A

Toxic - with health and environmental hazards
Corrosive - acid of pH <2.0 and bases of pH >12.0
Flammable - with a flash point below 60*C
Reactive - explosive with water

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18
Q

Expired, split, and contaminated pharmaceutical products, drugs, and vaccines including discarded items used in handling pharmaceuticals

A

Pharmaceutical Waste

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19
Q

Wastes exposed to radionuclides including radioactive diagnostic materials or radiotherapeutic materials

A

Radioactive Waste

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20
Q

Wastes that have not been in contact with communicable or infectious agents, hazardous chemicals, or radioactive substances, and do not pose a hazard

A

Non-hazardous/general Waste

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21
Q

Who are being exposed in health care wastes?

A

Medical staff, in-patients, out-patients, visitors, etc etc

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22
Q

Short periods in large quantities

A

Acute exposure

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23
Q

Prolonged periods in minute quantities

A

Chronic Exposure

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24
Q

Adverse Health Outcomes such as
Sharp-inflicted injuries
Toxic exposure to pharmaceutical products
Antibiotics and cytotoxic drugs
Mercury and dioxins
Chemical burns
Air pollution
Thermal injuries
Radiation burns

A

May lead to blood-transmissible diseases
May be released to the surrounding during the handling or incineration of these wastes
From disinfection, sterilization, or waste treatment activities
Release of particulate matter during medical waste incineration
In conjunction with open burning and the operation of medical waste incinerators

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25
Q

Waste in landfills can lead to the contamination of drinking, surface, and ground waters if not properly constructed

A

true

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26
Q

When incinerated, Chlorine generates what?

A

Dioxins and furans - CARCINOGENIC

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27
Q

Use modern incinerators operating at what *C?

A

850C to 1100C

28
Q

Disposal through incineration is NOT allowed in the Philippines

A

true

29
Q

Alternatives to incineration to minimized the formation and release of chemicals or hazardous emissions

A

Autoclave, microwave, steam treatment integrated with internal mixing

30
Q

Health care Waste Management Hierarchy
From most preferred to Least preferred

A

Avoidance
Reduction
Reuse
Recycling
Treatment
Safe disposal

31
Q

The most important step in the proper management of health care wastes

A

Waste minimization

32
Q

green procurement policy’s two aspects:

A

Waste prevention and waste reduction

33
Q

Resource Development

A

Safely reusing, recycling, and recovering wastes

34
Q

For wastes that cannot be safely reused, recycled, or recovered,

A

End of Pipe Approach

35
Q

Two aspects of End of Pipe Approach

A

Treatment and disposal

36
Q

Process of changing the biological and chemical characteristics of waste to minimize its potential to cause harm

A

Waste Treatment

37
Q

Discharging, depositing, placing, or releasing any health care waste into air, land, or water

A

Waste Disposal

38
Q

Strong leakproof bin with cover labelled “infectious” with biohazard symbol

A

Pathological and Anatomical Waste BIN

39
Q

Yellow plastic that can withstand autoclaving with 0.009mm thickness and labelled “infections waste” with a tag indicating source and weight of waste and date of collection

A

Pathological and Anatomical Waste Liner

40
Q

Puncture-proof container with wide mouth and cover labeled “sharps” with biohazard symbol

A

Sharps BIN

41
Q

Sharps Liner

A

Not applicable

42
Q

Labeled Chemical waste

A

Chemical waste bin

43
Q

For liquid chemical waste, inside the bin is a disposal bottle made of

A

Amber-colored glass with at least 4 liters capacity that is strong, chemical resistant, and leak-proof

44
Q

Yellow with black band plastic with 0.009 mm thickness and labelled “Chemical Waste” with a tag indicating source and weight of waste and date of collection

A

Chemical Waste Liner

45
Q

Strong leakproof bin with cover labelled
“Pharmaceutical Waste” for expired drugs and drug containers
“Cytotoxic Waste” for cytotoxic, genotoxic, and antineoplastic

A

Pharmaceutical Waste Bin

46
Q

Yellow with black band plastic with 0.009 mm thickness and labelled “Pharmaceutical Waste” with a tag indicating source and weight of waste and date of collection

A

Pharmaceutical Waste liner

47
Q

Radiation-proof repositories, leak-proof, and lead-lined container labeled with name of radionuclide and date of deposition with radioactive symbol

A

Radioactive waste bin

48
Q

Orange plastic with 0.009 mm thickness and labelled “Radioactive” with a tag indicating name of radionuclide and date of deposition

A

Radioactive waste liner

49
Q

Optional recycle symbol for recyclable non-hazardous waste
Varying sizes depending on the volume of waste

A

General waste Bin

50
Q

Black or colorless plastic for non-biodegradable
Green for biodegradable
With 0.009 mm thickness with a tag indicating source, weight of waste, and date of collection

A

GENERAL WASTE LINER

51
Q

Highly infectious waste must be

A

disinfected at source

52
Q

Anatomical waste should be disposed through

A

safe burial or cremation

53
Q

Pathological waste must be__ if not collected or treated within 24 hours

A

refrigerated

54
Q

Sharps must be ____ or ____ before they are transported to the landfill

A

shredded or crushed

55
Q

Chemical and pharmaceutical wastes shall be

A

segregated and collected separately

56
Q

Radioactive waste has to be _________ to background radiation levels

A

decayed

57
Q

All waste bins must be properly covered to prevent

A

cross contamination

58
Q

Aerosol containers can be collected with

A

general wastes

59
Q

Thermal decomposition of health care wastes in the absence of supplied molecular oxygen in the destruction chamber where the said waste is converted into gaseous, liquid, or solid form.

A

Pyrolysis

60
Q

Use of steam sterilization to render
waste harmless

A

Autoclave

61
Q

Incorporates some type of size reduction device
Shredding of wastes is done before disinfection

A

Microwave

62
Q

waste is exposed to microwaves that raise the temperature to

A

100*C for at least 30 mins

63
Q

Chemical like sodium hypochlorite,
hydrogen peroxide, peroxyacetic acid,
and heated alkali are added to health care wastes to kill or inactivate present pathogen

A

Chemical disinfection

64
Q

Uses an enzyme mixture to decontaminate health care wastes
Resulting by-product is put through an extruder to remove water for wastewater disposal
Suited for large applications

A

Biological Process

65
Q

Filling of containers with waste, adding and immobilizing material, and sealing the containers
Process uses either cubic boxes made of high-density polyethylene or metallic drums, that are three-quarters filled with sharps or chemicals, or pharmaceutical residues

A

Encapsulation

66
Q

Suitable for pharmaceutical waste that involves the mixing of waste with cement and other substances before disposal
The packaging is removed, the pharmaceuticals are grounded,
and a mixture of water, lime, and cement is added.

A

Inertization

MT101 (6 decks)

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