Health and the people- The Industrial Era

Question 1

What was the industrialised method of innoculation?

Answer 1

The ‘Sutton’ method

Question 2

What were the negatives of innoculation?

Answer 2

• innoculation could result in a more strong dose of small pox that could kill them
• patients that had been innoculated could still pass the disease on to someone else

Question 4

What did Jenner use to cure smallpox and when?

Answer 4

Cowpox [1798]

Question 5

Why weren’t Jenner’s ideas initially accepted?

Answer 5

• many doctors prophited from innoculation and therefore disliked vaccination
• it was difficult to explain how vaccination worked, Jenner couldn’t explain it

Question 6

What promoted Jenner’s ideas?

Answer 6

• members of the Royal family were vaccinated
• 1853 British Government made vaccination compulsory

Question 7

When did the British government make smallpox vaccination compulsory?

Answer 7

1853 British Government made vaccination compulsory

Question 8

Who was the dentist that noticed that fairground laughing gas (nitrus oxide) could be used as an anasthetic?

Answer 8

Thomas Beddoes [1844]

Question 9

What was used before chloroform? What were its negatives?

Answer 9

• Ether
• William Clarke discovered it
• difficult to inhale
• flammable
• induced vomiting

Question 10

When was chloroform discovered and by who?

Answer 10

• James Simpson
• 1847

Question 11

Why was there initial opposition to chloroform as an anasthetic?

Answer 11

• death of Hannah Greener due to a chloroform overdose (1848)
• Church believing that women should endure the pain of childbirth as it’s God’s punishment

Question 12

What increased acceptance of chloroform as an anasthetic?

Answer 12

John Snow calculated the correct amounts needed for Queen Victoria, she used it during one of her child births and this also changed more christian views about the use of chloroform as the Queen was considered head of the church

Question 13

Who discovered germs? When? How?

Answer 13

Loius Pasteur
1860s
Pasteur looked at how wine and beer often became sour
He showed through using swan-neck flask experiments that exposure to air allowed microbial growth and that heating to the right temperature would kill all the microbes

Question 14

What were other beliefs before germ theory?

Answer 14

• spontaneous generation
• miasma
• contagion

Question 15

When was Lister’s first experiment? What happened?

Answer 15

• A boy had his leg run over with a cart
• his bones were sticking out of his leg
• Lister straightened the boys leg and bandaged it with dessings soaked in carbolic acid
• the boy’s leg healed without infection

Question 16

Who discovered antiseptics?

Answer 16

Joseph Lister [1867 published research]

Question 17

What did Lister encourage?

Answer 17

Use of cabolic acid to spray over surgeons gloves and aprons as well as soaking bandages in the acid

Question 18

Whose ideas did Lister use to support his own findings?

Answer 18

Pasteur’s germ theory

Question 19

Why was there opposition to Lister’s ideas?

Answer 19

• many believed in spontaneous generation rather than Pasteur’s germ theory
• many surgeons felt their methods were equally as effective
• many surgeons didn’t like how carbolic acid made their hands crack or didn’t like inhaling it

Question 20

What plague was clearly used to recognise that microbes spread disease in the Industrial era?

Answer 20

Cattle Plague of 1866

• a microbe was found under a microscope
• conclusions were made that identified the cattle plague as a contagious disease

Question 21

Who worked in support of Pasteur’s germ theory and linked it to Lister’s work?

Answer 21

John Tyndall- looked at microbes under microscopes too

Question 22

Who discovered that different germs caused different diseases and when?

Answer 22

Robert Koch [1876 → Anthrax microobes]

Question 23

Statistic about cholera and date

Answer 23

[1881] 50,000 people died

Question 24

Why were industrial era cities so dirty?

Answer 24

• Poorly built housing that was built quickly to house workers in new factories
• Infrastructure wasn’t built to support them
• few / no toilets so many emptied buckets out into the street or into the river

Question 25

What statistics demonstrate how bad public health was initially in the industrial era?

Answer 25

Average age of working man was 30
In Liverpool it was 15

Question 26

Who did a report on living conditions in industrial era Britain?

Answer 26

Edwin Chadwick

Question 27

What statistic demonstrates someone’s work at linking cholera to a pump?

Answer 27

• John Snow
• believed miasma was concentrated in the water supply
• father of epidemiology and statistical anlysis
• In 1848 60,000 people died of Cholera while in 1854 only 20,000 died of it (John Snow stopped people from using a specific pump for water)

Question 28

When was the Great Stink?

Answer 28

1858

Question 29

What happened that meant Parliament had to move away from the Thames?

Answer 29

The Great Stink

Question 30

When were working-class men given the vote? What was this a sign of?

Answer 30

1867
End of laissez-faire approach

Question 31

When were the London sewers made and in response to what? Who made them?

Answer 31

Started in 1858 (the year of The Great Stink) and finished in 1866 by Bazelgette