Health and Diseases

Question 1

What does WHO stand for

Explain why being healthy doesn’t just being sick

Answer 1

World health organisation - A state of comlpete health
Being physically fit doesn’t mean your healthy as you could be mentally and socially struggling

Question 2

What does non-communicable mean?

Examples

Answer 2

Diseases that is caused by a problem in the body so can’t be passed person to person

Cancer, heart disease, ashma

Question 3

What is communicable disease?

Examples

Answer 3

A disease that is caused by pathogens and can spread from person to person

Chlorea, measels, malaria, HIV, ebola, tuberculosis

Question 4

What is a pathogen?

Answer 4

A pathogen is a microorganism that causes a disease

Question 5

Explain why the presence of one disease can lead to a higher susceptibility to other diseases

Answer 5

If you are affected by one disease, it could make you more susceptible to other disease.
Your body may become weakened by the disease so it’s less able to fight of others.

Question 6

Virus

Include the process

Answer 6

A virus is a tiny non-living particle that can reproduce rapidly within the body
They invade host cells and use them to make new virus particles (puts its DNA in the cell )
Once the new viruses are all made they cause the cells to burst
The cell damage makes us feel ill

Question 7

Ebola

Answer 7

Its a virus
It causes a haemorrhagic fever (fever with bleeding)
Spreads via bodily fluids
To prevent you could isolate the infected individual and sterilising any areas where the virus may be present

Question 8

Bacteria

Answer 8

Bacteria are small living cells that either damage cells directly or by producing toxins
Bacteria can reproduce rapidly (exponential) in the appropriate conditions like warm moist area and where there is a good oxygen supply
Toxins released by bacteria can damage cells and tissue making us feel ill

Question 9

Chloera

Answer 9

A bacterium
Symptoms - Diarrohea
How it spreads - Contaminated water (water with the cholera bacteria)
Prevention - Access to clean water or boiling water

Question 10

Tuberculosis

Answer 10

A bacterium
Symptoms - coughing and lung damage
How it spreads? - Through the air when infected individual cough
Prevention - Infected people should avoid crowded places, practise good hyginene and sleep alone. Their homes should be well ventilated

Question 11

Stomach ulcers

Answer 11

A bacterium
Symptoms - stomach pain, nausea and vomiting
How it spreads? - Oral transmisions e.g swallowing contanimated food or water
Prevention - Having clean water suplies and hyhienic living conditions

Question 12

Fungi

Answer 12

Fungi are single-celled organism that have a body made up of hyphae
The hyphae are able to grow and penertrare tissue, such as human skin or the surface of plants
The hyphae produces spores that can spread to other plants and animals

Question 13

Chalara ash dieback

Answer 13

A fungus that infects ash trees
Symptoms - Leaf loss and bark lesions (wounds)
How it spreads? - carried through the air by wind
Preventions - Removing young infected ash trees and replanting with different spieces

Question 14

Protist

Answer 14

Single celled eukaryotic organisms (have nucleus)
Many are parasites meaning that they live on or inside ither organisms
They are often transfered to host organisms by a vector such as an insector mosquito
They make us feel ill by damaging out tissue

Question 15

Malaria

Answer 15

A protist
Symptoms - Damage to red blood cells and in sevre cases to the liver
How it spreads? - Mosquitos act as a vector (they pass on the protist to human but don’t get it themselves)
Preventions - Use of mosquito nets and insect repellent to preven mosquitos carrying the pathogen from bitting other people

Question 16

HIV

AIDS

Answer 16

Transmitted virus
Effects - kills white blood cells which are important in the immune responce
HIV infection eventually leads to AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome)
This is when the infected persons immune system deteroriates and eventually fails because of this the persons becomes very vulnerable to opportunistic infections by other pathogens
How it spreads - Sexual intercourse, vaginal fluid, Blood
Prevention - uses different needles and wear condoms

Question 17

STIs

Chlamydia

Answer 17

A kind of bacterium that can only reproduce inside host cells
Although it can not always cause symptoms it can result in infertility in men and women
Prevention - Wearing a condom and screening individuals so they can be treated for the infection or avioding sexual intercourse

Question 18

Chemical barriers

Answer 18

The stomach produces hydrocloric acid that kills most of the pathogens that are swallowed

The eyes produce a chemical called lysozyme (in tears) which kills bacteria on the surface of the eye

Question 19

Physical barrier

Answer 19

The skin acts as a barrier to pathogens and if it gets damaged blood clots quickely seal cuts from microorganisms getting in
Hair and mucus in your nose trap particles that could contain pathogens
Cells in your trachea and bronchi (airway in lungs) also produce mucus which traps pathogens
Cillia also lines themwhich waft the mucus up to the back of the throat to be swallowed

Question 20

What is a antigen?

Answer 20

A unique protien on the surface of different cells

Question 21

Function of whit blood cells

Answer 21

They travel around in your blood and crawl into evey part of you, patrolling for pathogens

B lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell that are involved in the specific immune response

Question 22

What are antibodies

Answer 22

Small proteins that are produced by white blood cells to bind to the antigen so the pathogens can be destroyed.

Question 23

Explain how the immune system can attack pathogens

Answer 23

When you B-lymphcyte come across an antigen on a pathogen, start to produce a proteins called antibodies. Antibodies bind to the new invading pathogen, so it can be found and destroyed by other white blood cells. The antibodies produced are specific to that pathogen - they won’t lock on to ant other pathogens.
The antibodies are then produced rapidly and flow all round the body to find all the similar pathogens

Question 24

What are memory lymphocytes?

Answer 24

A type of lymphocyte that remain in the body for a long time and remember a specific antigen. They give immunity to an infection as the secondary immune response is faster and stronger compared to the first response.

Question 25

What is a vaccine

Answer 25

Injecting a dead or inactive pathogens in the body
So they can trigger an immune response