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Biology > *Health and disease (Ch22, 23) > Flashcards

*Health and disease (Ch22, 23) Flashcards

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1
Q

Definition of health

A
  • A state of physical, mental and social well-being
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2
Q

Healthy lifestyle

A
  • Balanced diet
  • Regular exercises
  • Sufficient rest
  • Good personal hygiene
  • Avoidance of smoking
  • Avoidance of alcohol
  • Avoidance of drug abuse
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3
Q

Advantages of doing regular exercise

A
  • Improve the functioning of the lungs and heart
  • Help reduce body weight
  • Improve strength of muscles
  • Improve flexibility of joints
  • Reduce stress
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4
Q

Infectious disease

A
  • Caused by pathogenic microorganisms
  • pathogen, host, environment
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5
Q

Virus (organism / non-organism)

A

Organism
- Can reproduce in a cell
- Have genetic materials of controlling life processes

Not organism
- Non-cellular organisms (no cytoplasm, cell membrane, organelles)
- Cannot replicate by themselves
- No metabolism outside the host cells

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6
Q

Structure of virus / Mode of reproduction of virus

A
  • A protein coat enclosing nucleic acid
  • Have head and tail
  • Cannot reproduce by themselves
  • Reproduce within host cell
  • Virus is host specific
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7
Q

Infectious disease caused by virus

A
  1. Influenza
  2. Hepatitus B
  3. Dengue fever
  4. Japanese encephalitis
  5. Common cold
  6. Measles
  7. Smallpox
  8. SARS
  9. AIDS
  10. COVID-19
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8
Q

Bacteria

A
  • Unicellular, prokaryotic

Structure
- Cell wall
- Cell membrane
- Cytoplasm
- Plasmid
- Ribosome
- Flagellum

Reproduction
- By asexual reproduction

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9
Q

Infectious diseases caused by bacteria

A
  1. Cholera (dehydration)
  2. Tuberculosis
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10
Q

Transmission by droplets

A
  • Droplets from the respiratory tracts -> eyes
  • Common cold
  • Influenza
  • COVID-19
  • Cover the mouth during coughing or sneezing
  • Wear a surgical mask
  • Avoid going to crowded places
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11
Q

Transmission by air

A
  • Pathogens attach on dust particles
  • Cover the mouth during coughing or sneezing
  • Wear a surgical mask
  • Avoid going to crowded places
  • Keep good ventilation
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12
Q

Transmission by contaminated food or water

A
  • Cholera (by water / food)
  • Tuberculosis (by food)
  • Wash hands before taking meals / preparing food
  • Cook food thoroughly
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13
Q

Transmission by body fluids

A

By blood
- Hepatitis B
- AIDS

  • Do not share razors, toothbrush or needles
  • Screen blood before transfusion

By semen and vaginal fluid
- AIDS
- Syphilis

  • Use condoms during sexual intercourse
  • Have only one sexual partner
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14
Q

Why antibiotics are not effective in treating viral infections?

A
  • Virus does not contain cell wall / cell membrane
  • Virus does not carry out protein synthesis / DNA synthesis on their own
  • Antibiotics cannot act against virus
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14
Q

Transmission by vectors

A

Flies / Cockroaches:
- Cholera

Mosquitoes
- Malaria
- Dengue fever
- Japanese encephalitis

  • Destroy the breeding places of mosquitoes by clearance of accumulated water (impossible to clear all stagnant water)
  • Directly kill mosquitoes by spraying pesticides / larvicidal oil (contaminate the environment, kill pollinating agents (bees), evolution of resistant strain)
  • Prevent mosquitoes from biting by wearing long-sleeved clothing and applying mosquito repellents
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15
Q

Transmission by direct contact

A
  • Athlete’s foot
  • Hand-foot-mouth disease
  • Avoid physical contact with infected people
  • Wash hands frequently
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16
Q

Why children are more vulnerable to hand-foot-mouth disease?

A
  • Weak immune system
  • Poor personal hygiene
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17
Q

Notes P.9

A
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17
Q

Antibiotics

A
  • Chemical produced by bacteria and fungi to kill / inhibit growth of other organisms
  • Enables the to win the competition for resources to support their life
18
Q

Discovery and development of antibiotics

A

Hypothesis
- Mould produce substances to kill bacteria
- Mould kill bacteria

NOS
- Scientists are both collaborative and competitive in nature

19
Q

Action of antibiotics

A

Killing bacteria
- Inhibit cell wall synthesis (bacteria burst when they absorb excess water by osmosis)
- Break down cell membrane of bacteria (cell contents leak out, the cell dies)

Inhibiting growth of bacteria
- Interfere with protein synthesis (bacteria cannot function and grow)
- Interfere with DNA synthesis (cannot carry out cell division, cannot multiply)

20
Q

Broad-spectrum antibiotics

A
  • Can act against different bacteria efficiently
21
Q

Group of individuals highly recommended to receive vaccination

A
  • Elderly: weak immune system
  • Doctor / Nurse: frequently contact with patients, high risk of being carrier of pathogens
21
Q

Indiscriminative use of antibiotics

A
  • Use antibiotics to treat viral disease
  • Patients stop taking antibiotics when they feel better
  • Add antibiotics to animal feeds
22
Q

Consequences of indiscriminative use of antibiotics

A
  1. Infectious bacteria become resistant to antibiotics
    Natural selection:
    - Genetic variation exist among bacteria in their resistance against antibiotic
    - Increase in amount of antibiotic kills non-resistant form, resistant form has higher chance to survive
    - Resistant form has higher chance to reproduce
    - Proportion of resistant form increases
  2. Kill beneficial mutualistic bacteria
  3. Allergy
  4. No effective drug to tackle infectious disease
  5. Productivity of disease-stricken people will reduce without effective treatment
  6. Development of new antibiotics have to keep pace with mutation for resistance, demanding more resources from society
23
Q

Solutions to alleviate the consequence of indiscriminative use of antibiotics

A
  1. Proper use of antibiotics
    - Prescribe only when necessary
    - Take complete prescription (ensure all bacteria killed)
    - Use narrow-spectrum antibiotic
  2. Development of new drugs based on different mechanism in killing infectious bacteria
  3. Short term: implement effective measures to control spread of infectious bacteria an to eliminate the sources of contamination
24
Q

Antibiotics vs vaccination

A

Antibiotics
- Curative measure
- Kill pathogens
- Only for bacterial disease

Vaccination
- Preventive measure
- Stimulate development of memory cells
- For both bacterial and viral diseases

25
Q

Explanation for efficiency of antibiotics

A
  • The antibiotic diffuse outward from the paper disc
  • The farther away from the disc, the lower is the concentration of the antibiotics
  • A larger clear zone indicates that antibiotic is effective in inhibiting bacterial growth even at a lower concentration
26
Q

Sulpha drugs

A
  • Competitive inhibitors
  • Compete with metabolite essential in reproduction of bacteria for the active site of bacterial enzyme and stop bacteria from reproduction
27
Q

Treatment for AIDS

A
  • HIV attacks T-lymphocytes of immune system of the body
  • AIDS is difficult to treat because mutation of viruses occur rapidly, and virus take over the enzyme machinery of human cells to reproduce
  • Cocktail treatment reduces the chance for HIV to develop resistance to all the drugs at the same time
28
Q

Non- infectious disease

A
  • Caused by lifestyle, biological factors, genetic factors, environment
29
Q

Coronary heart disease

A
  • Consumption of high calorie food / fatty food / food rich in cholesterol
  • Excess fat / cholesterol in diet diposits of inner wall of coronary arteries
  • Increases the risk of plaque formation
  • Leads to narrowing of the lumen of arteries, blockage in arteries, decrease blood flow to heart muscles
  • Heart muscles do not have enough oxygen and nutrients supply and die
30
Q

Stroke

A
  • Artery supplying blood to the brain is blocked / A blood vessel inside the brain bursts under high blood pressure
  • Supply of oxygen to the brain cells reduced
  • Brain cells die due to insufficient oxygen supply
31
Q

Treatments of cardiovascular disease

A
  1. Drugs
  2. Surgery (Balloon angioplasty, coronary bypass surgery)
32
Q

Risk factors for coronary heart disease

A
  1. Unhealthy lifestyles
    - Eating food rich in cholesterol / fat
    - Smoking (Nicotine increases the chance of blocking blood vessel, causes vasoconstriction of blood vessels, carbon monoxide reduces oxygen-carrying capacity of blood)
    - Lack of regular exercises
  2. Biological factors
    - Ageing (blood vessels become narrower and less elastic as people age)
    - Gender (Male > Female)
    - Family history
33
Q

Diabetes mellitus

A
  • High blood glucose concentration
  • Presence of glucose in urine

Signs
- Excessive urine production (E1)
- High blood glucose level (Insufficient insulin to stimulate body cells / Body cells insensitive to insulin)
- Constant thirst
- Blurred vision
- Weight loss

34
Q

Insulin-dependent diabetes (Type 1)

A
  • Cause: little / no insulin (insulin-producing cells of pancreas destroyed by immune system)
  • Risk factors: genetic factor / family history
  • Occurrance: early life (5%)
  • Control method: daily injection of insulin
35
Q

Non insulin-dependent diabetes (Type 2)

A
  • Cause: body cells insensitive to insulin
  • Risk factors: obesity / lack of exercises / ageing / family history
  • Occurrance: later in life (95%)
  • Control method: small but frequent meals / reduce intake of food with high sugar content / eat complex carbohydrate / take regular exercise / frequent monitoring of blood glucose level / take appropriate medication of increase sensitivity of body cells to insulin
36
Q

Mass production of insulin by recombinant DNA technology (Ch27)

A
  • Eliminate chance of transmission of animal pathogens
  • Eliminate possible allergens from animal insulin
  • Eliminate possible immune response produced by patient against animal insulin
37
Q

Formation of tumours

A
  • When genetic control of cell division in a cell goes wrong, the uncontrolled cell division of body cells results in a mass of cells, forming a tumour

Benign tumour
- Remain within the tissue where they arise
- Grow slowly
- Cells surrounded by capsule
- Not life-threatening

Malignant tumour
- Spread to other regions (metastasis)
- Grow rapidly
- Cells not surrounded by capsule
- Life-threatening as tumour formed competes with normal tissues for nutrients and oxygen

38
Q

Why genetic control goes wrong to form tumours?

A
  • Gene mutation -> change in gene product -> production of unwanted protein -> leads to uncontrolled cell division
39
Q

Treatment of cancers

A
  • Surgery (remove localized tumour)
  • Radiotherapy
  • Chemotherapy (use anti-cancer drugs to kill cancer cells / inhibit their growth)
  • Targeted therapy
40
Q

Causes and prevention of cancers

A
  1. Exposure to radiation (ultraviolet light / high-energy radiation (X-ray) change structure of genes by mutation)
    - Putting on sunscreen
  2. Exposure to chemicals (asbestos)
  3. Exposure to pathogens
    (hepatitus B virus -> liver cancer)
    - Vaccination
    (HPV -> cervical cancer)
    - Avoid early sex, have only one sexual partner
    - Cervical smear screening
    - Immunization
41
Q

Risk factors of cancer

A

Unhealthy lifestyles
1. Smoking
- Tar contains carcinogens
2. Alcohol abuse
3. Unhealthy diet (food may stimulate mutations)
- Red meat (eating too much red meat with little vegetables and fruits increases the chance of suffering from colorectum cancer: dietary fibre increases bulk of food to stimulate peristalsis of the gut, helps reduce time for carcinogens to stay inside the colon)
- Salted and smoked food
- Processed meat (contains carcinogenic substances)
- Deep-fried food (contains carcinogenic substances)

42
Q

Why cancer remains one of the top killer diseases in HK

A
  • Taking in more processed food that lacks dietary fibre
  • More stressful lifestyle
  • Lack physical exercise, higher chance of obesity
  • Older age
  • Excessive drinking
  • Medical advancement -> death rate due to other diseases is lower
43
Q

Prevention of diseases

A
  • Breaking transmission link of pathogens (quarantine)
  • Immunization programme (vaccinations induce the body to develop immunity against diseases, number of infected individuals is reduced)
  • Screening programme
  • Disease surveillance
  • Health education
  • Taking healthy lifestyles
44
Q

Notes P.29

A

Biology (38 decks)

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