Essential Note Flashcards
water
- reactant for photosynthesis
- hydrolysis of complex food to simpler constituents in digestion
- activates enzyme
solvent or transport (gas exchange) - medium for chemical reaction
- cooling agent
- supporting agent, provide turgidity and buoyancy
- lubricating agent, reduce friction
nitrogen
protein, nucleic acid, chlorophyll
pale yellow leaves
magnesium
chlorophyll
pale yellow leaves
phoshorus
nucleic acid, ATP, membrane, protein
poor root growth, purple coloring in leaves
monosaccharides
glucose: oxidized and release energy during respiration
affect water potential of blood and living cells
soluble, transported by bloodstream
from complex carbohydrates by condensation
disaccharides
sucrose: transport form in plants
polysaccharides
storage
starch: coils into helical from, highly compact in shape, good storage compound without using many space / branching structure, more ends where enzymes start hydrolysis // insoluble, does not affect water potential of cells
support
cellulose: strong mechanical strength
maintain shape of cell
cellulose: strong tensile strength
carbohydrates
forming glycoprotein and glycolipid: components of cell membrane as recognition site / receptor sites
metabolic intermediates (triose phosphate)
genetic material, directing protein synthesis (5-C sugar of DNA/RNA)
coenzymes (ribose in NAD, hydrogen carrier)
Lipids vs protein
similarities
source of energy
differential permeability of cell membrane
hormone, coordinate body activities
protection
growth
storage form in some plants
lipid vs protein
source of energy
lipid
triglyceride / fatty acid broken down, enter Krebs cycle to yield ATP
high H:O ratio, readily oxidized
protein
amino acid broken down to carbon skeleton, enter Krebs cycle
consumed when carbohydrates and lipids are exhausted
lipid
phospholipid moiety
transport of lipid soluble substances
selective permeability
cholesterol fluidity and stability of cell membrane
protein
channel protein
ATPase hydrolysis energy for active transport
lipid
progesterone
oestrogen
protein
insulin FSH LH
lipid
adipose tissue shock absorber protect internal organ from mechanical damage
waterproof layer cuticle, skin
protein
keratin in nails
muscle movement escape from danger
lipid
solvent for fat soluble vitamins
low heat conductivity heat insulator conserves body heat
storage fuel produce more energy per unit gram
rapid locomotion seed dispersal
electrical insulator myelin sheath increase rate of nerve impulse transmission
protein
enzyme speed up biochemical reaction
antibodies protection
haemogobin carries oxygen
chromosomes
fibrinogen blood clotting
sex hormones sexual development
cell membrane growth by cell division
energy rich compound ATP
NAD hydrogen carrier
NADP -> NADPH reducing power in carbon fixation
coenzyme A activates acetyl group
DNA RNA
DNA genetic material genetic information nucleotide sequence protein synthesis
complementary base pairing stability DNA replication continuation of species
DNA transcribed to mRNA for protein synthesis
naked eye plant humans
light microscope membrane bound organelles prokaryotes eukaryotes
electron microscope higher resolution magnification virus
DNA sequencing nucleotide sequence phylogenetic relationship three domain
low magnification focus specimen
centre of field of vision
nosepiece higher magnification
diaphragm adjust illumination
fine adjustment knob
fluid: lateral movement of phospholipid molecule
mosaic: protein molecules interspersed among phopholipid molecules
compartmentalization
safeguard cell and organelle function
membrane integrity arrangement of phospholipids and proteins
boundary of individual cells
control exchange of material selective permeability
phospholipid bilayer embedment of proteins
phospholipid bilayer permeable to fat soluble substance
channel proteins small polar particles
carrier protein active transport
pores at nuclear membrane
small uncharged molecule diffuse freely
ATPase hydrolysis of ATP energy for active transport
phospholipid bilayer physical barrier for polar molecules
nutrient absorption at villi, ion absorption at roots
membrane bound enzymatic reaction
enzyme
folding increase area
electron transport system cristae of mitochondria
photochemical reactions thylakoid of chloroplast
stimuli recognition
glycoprotein glycolipid recognition site
insulin glucagon receptor
light receptor
antigen receptor
neurotransmitter receptors
cell organelle identity
antigen on red blood cells
change shape of the cell
phospholipid fluidity
phagocytosis
gland secretion
synaptic vesicle release neurotransmitter
fusion of membrane
insulation
electrical resistance
myelin sheath
cell wall / cell membrane
non living / living
rigid / elastic
thicker / thinner
completely permeable / selectively permeable
x / specific receptor site
diffusion
random movement of particle along concentration gradient
gas exchange air sac
osmosis
net movement of water molecules high wp to low wp across differentially permeable membrane
reabsorption of water
active transport
substance against concentration gradient
consume energy
carrier protein
minerals root hair cells lower wp water absorption osmosis
glucose, aa intestinal lumen
plasmolysis / haemolysis
cell membrane detach from cell wall / burst rbc
cell in hypertonic sol / cell in hypotonic sol
wp cell>sol / cell<sol
lose water by osmosis, shrink / gain water by osmosis, swell burst
ethanol
sink liquid turns red
denser than ethanol
dissolve lipid components of cell membrane pigment leak out
sucrose
float and sink
less dense
wp<cell
water move out by osmosis
density increase sink
time
conc volume
temp pH environmental cond.
age
sex
body mass
stage of growth
lifestyle
cut from different parts
damage during cut wash
subjective judgement on colour intensity colourimeter
sample size
repetition
control
randomly assign groups
anaerobic
cell>soil no uptake
x active transport x absorb against conc gradient
cell<soil conc increase rate increase
diffuse along conc grad
active transport
oxygen respiration energy
different abundance of specific proteins
conc of minerals different
conc gradient different
replication of DNA
synthesis of organelles
grow in size
synthesis of proteins -> chromosomes
crossing over
exchange of genetic materials btw non sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes
mitosis meiosis
nuclear division
duplication of DNA
movement of chromosomes along spindle fibres
spindle formation
2 genetically identical daughter cells / 4 genetically different daughter cell
1 division, same chromosome no. / 2 divisions, half chromosome no.
linear alignment at equator / homologous chromosomes pair up at 1st division
chromosome -> chromatid / 1st division members of homologous chromosomes segregate
x / crossing over between non sister chromatids during pairing of homologous chromosome -> new combination of alleles
growth repair asexual reproduction / gamete formation, chromosome no. reduced to half, diploid no. can be restored after fertilization
independent assortment of homologous chromosome, crossing over genetic variation
anabolic
building up, energy needed
catabolic
breaking down, releasing energy
enzyme
catalytic effect speed up reaction until eqm is reached
specific usually catalyse one reaction only lock and key hypothesis
reusable unchanged after reaction
protein in nature denature at high temp, extreme pH
temp increase enzyme activity increase
kinetic energy of reacting molecules increase
more effective collisions
rate of formation of enzyme subtrate complex increase
denature active site alters cannot bind to substrate
extreme pH denature
alter shape of active site cannot bind to substrate to form enzyme substrate complex
high conc
more chance of collision
rate decrease as conc decrease
chance of collision decrease
high enzyme conc
more active site available
water bath
same temp
results comparable
eliminate effect of temperature difference on results
ensure difference in result is caused by factor under investigation
hydrogen peroxide -> oxygen + water
2H2O2 -> O2 + 2H2O
immerse paper disc
oxygen produced trapped in paper disc
buoyant effect > weight float
biological washing powder
protease protein -> peptide
lipase lipid -> fatty acid , glycerol
simple soluble molecules, dissolve in water washed away
contact lens cleaning agent
breakdown protein dirts x bacteria
meat tenderizer
protease break down fibrous protein
stone washed jeans
cellulase digest cellulose fibres
fruit juices
cellulase digest cell walls higher yield more nutritious
speed up chemical reaction
mass production
catalyse specific process less undesired products
artificial manipulation of rate temp / pH
enzymes sensitive to changes in temp / pH
clean vessels avoid degradation / inhibitor
