Health And Disease

Question 1

Commonly abused drugs are

Answer 1

Opioids,cannabinoids,coca alkaloids

Question 2

Opioids explain ?

Answer 2

Receptors present in CNS and GIT
Ex- heroin ( smack)
White,odourless,bitter
Acetylation of morphine
Extracted from latex of poppy plant papever somniferum
Heroin slows down body function
Morphine is seductive and painkiller

Question 3

Cannabinoids explain?

Answer 3

Receptors in brain
Obtained from canabis sativa
Generally taken by inhalation and oral ingestion
Affects on cardiovascular system

Resin-hashish,charas
Flower-marijuana
Leaf- ganja,bhang

Question 4

Cocaine explain ?

Answer 4

Coca alkaloids ( coke, crack)
Erthroxylum coca
Interfere neurotransmitter dopamine
Produces a sense of euphorbia and increased energy
Excessive dosage can cause hallucinations

Question 5

Hallucinations propertys plants example

Answer 5

Datura and atropa belladona

Question 6

Medicine used for mental illness like depression and insomnia ( drugs)

Answer 6

Barbiturates,amphetamines, benzodiazspines

Question 7

From how many years tobacco been used by human being ?

Answer 7

400 yrs
It’s is used as smoke,chewed,snuffa

Question 8

What is nicotine (explain)

Answer 8

Chemical ,an alkaloids
Stimulates adrenal gland to release adrenaline and nor adrenaline in blood
Both increase blood pressure and heart rate

Question 9

How do smoking affect the body

Answer 9

it increases the cancer of lungs, urinary bladder, throat ,bronchitis, emphysema, coronary heart disease, gastric ulcer etc

It’s also CO content in blood and reduces conc of hemoglobin oxygen

Question 10

Who disproved the theory of black bile
And which thory

Answer 10

William harvey
Good humor hypothesis

Question 11

Health is affected by

Answer 11

1. Genetic disorder
2. Infections
3. Life style

Question 12

Important factors to maintain good health

Answer 12

Balanced diet
Personal hygiene
Regular excercise

Question 13

Typhoid explain ?

Answer 13

Salmonella typhi bacteria
Causes typhoid fever

Sustained high fever 40⁰c
Loss of appetite
Internal perforation
Death
Constipation
Stomach pain

Question 14

Widal test ?

Answer 14

Mary mallon( typhoid mary )
Typhoid carrier

Question 15

Pneumonia explain?

Answer 15

Streptococcus pneumoniae and haemophillus influenzae ( bacteria )
Infect alveoli

Lips and finger nails turn grey to blue

Aerosols spread by infected person
Affect the healtier person

Question 16

Bacteria disease example

Answer 16

Dysentery ,plague, diphthria,lankeroid,whooping cough,leprosy ,kust rog, tetanus,chlorella,tb

Question 17

Common cold explain

Answer 17

Rhino virus
Nose and respiratory passage but not the lungs

Nasal congestion and discharge
Tiredness

3-7 days

Question 18

Malaria explain

Answer 18

Plasmodium (protozoa)

Question 19

Diff species of plasmodium ?

Answer 19

P.vivax
P.malaria
P.falciparum( dangerous )

Question 20

Amoebic dysentery ?

Answer 20

Entaamoeba hystolica (protozaon)
Large intestine

Constipation,cramps,stool with excessive mucusand blood clots

Housefly mechanical carrier

Question 21

Ascariasis

Answer 21

Ascaris(round worm) and wuchereria(filarial worm)
#(Helminths)#

Internal bleeding
Anemia
Blockage of the intestinal passage

Eggs are excreted by the infected person with faeces

Question 22

Elephantiasis/filariasis

Answer 22

Wucheria(w.bankrofty and w.malayi)
Gross deformities

Culex mosquito bite

Question 23

Ringworm

Answer 23

Fungi
Genus-
Microsporum, Tricophyton and epidermophyton

Dry and scaly lesions
Intense itching
heat and moisture - let the fungi grow

Groin and between the toes

Question 24

Feed on mosquito larvae

Answer 24

Gambusa fish

Question 25

Aedes mosquitoes 🦟 konsi diseases cause karta hai

Answer 25

Yellow fever,dengue, चिकनगुनिया

Question 26

Completely eradicated disesase

Answer 26

Small pox

Question 27

Innate immunity

Answer 27

Non specific type of defense Present at the time of birth 1. Physical barriers Skin,mucus coating of epithelium lining respiratory,gastrointestinal,urogenital (Skin ReGaUr) 2. Physiological barriers Acid in stomach,saliva in mouth,tears from eyes (acchi sallu ki maa ke aankh me aasu) 3. Cellular barriers Leukocytes(WBC)- PMNLneutrophils(polymorphonuclear neutrophils) Monocyte Natural killer (lymphocyte) Macrophages (Luke pm ne monokite se killer ko mara) 4. Cytoline barriers Interferons(proteins secreted by virus infected cell ) Do not kill anyone Protect non infected cell

Question 28

Acquired immunity

Answer 28

Pathogens specific Characterised by memory

Question 29

Diff betn primary and secondary response

Answer 29

Primary- low intensity Body encounters the pathogen for the first time Secondary- highly intensified For the same pathogen Also called anamnestic response

Question 30

Diff betn B and T lymphocyte

Answer 30

B lymphocyte - Produces army of protein in response to pathogen Proteins are called antibodies T lymphocyte - Do not secreted antibodies Response for cmi

Question 31

How many chain does the antibodies have And how they are represented

Answer 31

4 2- light. Smaller 2- heavy. Longer H2L2

Question 32

Diff types of anitbodies

Answer 32

IgA,IgM,IgE,IgG

Question 33

Types of acquired response Explain

Answer 33

1. Humoral immune response Antibodies found in blood 2.cell meduated immunity cell-mediated immunity is the activation of phagocytes, antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, and the release of various cytokines in response to an antigens

Question 34

Important for graft rejection

Answer 34

Differentiation of self and non self CMI responsible for graft rejection

Question 35

Active and passive immunity

Answer 35

Active immunity Antibodies produced in response to antigens ( microbes, proteins) in the host body It is slow Passive immunity Ready made antibodies Ex- colostrom (yellow fluid) During lactation has IgA Also recieved some antibodies from their mother through placemta