Health And Disease Flashcards
Commonly abused drugs are
Opioids,cannabinoids,coca alkaloids
Opioids explain ?
Receptors present in CNS and GIT
Ex- heroin ( smack)
White,odourless,bitter
Acetylation of morphine
Extracted from latex of poppy plant papever somniferum
Heroin slows down body function
Morphine is seductive and painkiller
Cannabinoids explain?
Receptors in brain
Obtained from canabis sativa
Generally taken by inhalation and oral ingestion
Affects on cardiovascular system
Resin-hashish,charas
Flower-marijuana
Leaf- ganja,bhang
Cocaine explain ?
Coca alkaloids ( coke, crack)
Erthroxylum coca
Interfere neurotransmitter dopamine
Produces a sense of euphorbia and increased energy
Excessive dosage can cause hallucinations
Hallucinations propertys plants example
Datura and atropa belladona
Medicine used for mental illness like depression and insomnia ( drugs)
Barbiturates,amphetamines, benzodiazspines
From how many years tobacco been used by human being ?
400 yrs
It’s is used as smoke,chewed,snuffa
What is nicotine (explain)
Chemical ,an alkaloids
Stimulates adrenal gland to release adrenaline and nor adrenaline in blood
Both increase blood pressure and heart rate
How do smoking affect the body
it increases the cancer of lungs, urinary bladder, throat ,bronchitis, emphysema, coronary heart disease, gastric ulcer etc
It’s also CO content in blood and reduces conc of hemoglobin oxygen
Who disproved the theory of black bile
And which thory
William harvey
Good humor hypothesis
Health is affected by
- Genetic disorder
- Infections
- Life style
Important factors to maintain good health
Balanced diet
Personal hygiene
Regular excercise
Typhoid explain ?
Salmonella typhi bacteria
Causes typhoid fever
Sustained high fever 40⁰c
Loss of appetite
Internal perforation
Death
Constipation
Stomach pain
Widal test ?
Mary mallon( typhoid mary )
Typhoid carrier
Pneumonia explain?
Streptococcus pneumoniae and haemophillus influenzae ( bacteria )
Infect alveoli
Lips and finger nails turn grey to blue
Aerosols spread by infected person
Affect the healtier person
Bacteria disease example
Dysentery ,plague, diphthria,lankeroid,whooping cough,leprosy ,kust rog, tetanus,chlorella,tb
Common cold explain
Rhino virus
Nose and respiratory passage but not the lungs
Nasal congestion and discharge
Tiredness
3-7 days
Malaria explain
Plasmodium (protozoa)
Diff species of plasmodium ?
P.vivax
P.malaria
P.falciparum( dangerous )
Amoebic dysentery ?
Entaamoeba hystolica (protozaon)
Large intestine
Constipation,cramps,stool with excessive mucusand blood clots
Housefly mechanical carrier
Ascariasis
Ascaris(round worm) and wuchereria(filarial worm)
#(Helminths)#
Internal bleeding
Anemia
Blockage of the intestinal passage
Eggs are excreted by the infected person with faeces
Elephantiasis/filariasis
Wucheria(w.bankrofty and w.malayi)
Gross deformities
Culex mosquito bite
Ringworm
Fungi
Genus-
Microsporum, Tricophyton and epidermophyton
Dry and scaly lesions
Intense itching
heat and moisture - let the fungi grow
Groin and between the toes
Feed on mosquito larvae
Gambusa fish
Aedes mosquitoes 🦟 konsi diseases cause karta hai
Yellow fever,dengue, चिकनगुनिया
Completely eradicated disesase
Small pox
Innate immunity
Non specific type of defense
Present at the time of birth
- Physical barriers
Skin,mucus coating of epithelium lining respiratory,gastrointestinal,urogenital
(Skin ReGaUr) - Physiological barriers
Acid in stomach,saliva in mouth,tears from eyes
(acchi sallu ki maa ke aankh me aasu) - Cellular barriers
Leukocytes(WBC)-
PMNLneutrophils(polymorphonuclear neutrophils)
Monocyte
Natural killer (lymphocyte)
Macrophages
(Luke pm ne monokite se killer ko mara) - Cytoline barriers
Interferons(proteins secreted by virus infected cell )
Do not kill anyone
Protect non infected cell
Acquired immunity
Pathogens specific
Characterised by memory
Diff betn primary and secondary response
Primary- low intensity
Body encounters the pathogen for the first time
Secondary- highly intensified
For the same pathogen
Also called anamnestic response
Diff betn B and T lymphocyte
B lymphocyte -
Produces army of protein in response to pathogen
Proteins are called antibodies
T lymphocyte -
Do not secreted antibodies
Response for cmi
How many chain does the antibodies have
And how they are represented
4
2- light. Smaller
2- heavy. Longer
H2L2
Diff types of anitbodies
IgA,IgM,IgE,IgG
Types of acquired response
Explain
- Humoral immune response
Antibodies found in blood
2.cell meduated immunity
cell-mediated immunity is the activation of phagocytes, antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, and the release of various cytokines in response to an antigens
Important for graft rejection
Differentiation of self and non self
CMI responsible for graft rejection
Active and passive immunity
Active immunity
Antibodies produced in response to antigens ( microbes, proteins) in the host body
It is slow
Passive immunity
Ready made antibodies
Ex- colostrom (yellow fluid)
During lactation has IgA
Also recieved some antibodies from their mother through placemta
