Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Neuromuscular > Head Trauma, Seizures, Headache, Vertigo > Flashcards

Head Trauma, Seizures, Headache, Vertigo Flashcards

1
Q

Traumatic Brain Injury

A

Causes:
-falls
-Struck (children)
-Other (self harm 25-64)
-Cars

Kinds:
-Mild, Moderate, Severe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Mild TBI

A

-Concussion
-75% of TBI
-GCS: 13-15

Define:
-disruption of brain function via
-LOC, memory loss, altered mental status, focal defects, inattention, confusion, vacant stare
-headache, n/v, photophobia, dizziness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Moderate TBI

A

-GCS: 9-12

Defined:
-prolonged LOC
-Prolonged neuro defects
-requires advanced care

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Severe TBI

A

-GCS <8

Defined:
-comatose
-significant neuro injury
-brain lesions
-airway protections, intracranial monitoring
-recovery incomplete

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Etiology of TBI

A

Penetrating: skull and meninges breached
-mod to severe TBI

Non- Penetrating: closed head injury
-soft tissue forced into skull
-Coup: where the injury is
-Countercoup: where brain meets skull on opposite, can be more severe

Brain Contusion:
-bruise of brain
First Phase: direct consequence, diffuse axonal injury
Second Phase: quickly after primary, hypoxia and hypofusion and inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Monroe Kellie Doctrine

A

-only so much sppace in head with solid and liquids
-if changes in mmt happen, things will be displaced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Uncal Herniation

A

-CN 3 palsy
-fixed and dilated pupils
-impaired consciousness
-PCA infarct
-hemiparesis
-uncal/hippocampus level herniation into BS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Central Herniation

A

-middle of brain comes down

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Cingulate/Subfalcine Herniation

A

-cingulatet goes across falx cerebri and contra hemisphere
-ACA pressure
-increased ICP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Transcalvarial Herniation

A

-out of skull due to fracture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Tonsillar Herniation

A

-through foramen magnum
-cerebellar tonsils
-compress 4th ventricle and medulla
-stiff neck to decerebrate posturing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Head Injury Initial Assessment

A

-Secure airway
-Neuro assessment
-Imaging
-Further testing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Localizing Signs of Head Injury

A

-Anisocoria (pupil size diff)
-Diploia
-Absence of gag
-Abnormal breathing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Small and Reactive Pupils

A

-diencephalic
-drugs, metabolic encaphalopathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Large and Fixed Pupils

A

-Prectal
-not reactive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Uneven, 1 dilated and Fixed

A

-Occulomotor
-Uncal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Mid position and Fixed Pupils

A

-midbrain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Pinpoint Pupils

A

-pons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Decerebrate

A

-extension
-upper brainstem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Decorticate

A

-flexion
-corticospinal tracts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Subdural Hematoma/Hemorrhage

A

-Bleeding btwm arachnoid and dura
-low velocity injury
Acute: 24-48 injury
Chronic: 14 days to months

Imaging: almost entire hemisphere, concave

Treat: surgical evacuation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Epidural Hematoma/Hemorrhage

A

-bleeding from meningeal artery/vein by skull fracture
-has a lucid interval

Imaging: lens shaped, isolated to one corner of brain

Treat: without evacuation, leads to herniation, death 15-45%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

A

-bleeding in subarachnoid space
-aneurysm

S/s: worst headache of life, meningeal irritation

Imaging: crescent shaped, along whole hemisphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Intracerebral Hemorrhage

A

-small vessel
-bleeding in brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Post Concussion Syndrome

A

-s/s persisting after 1 month
-headache, fatigue, dizziness, concentration, sleep, anxiety
-delayed onset of seizures 10-40%

26
Q

Concussion Protocol

A

-CT not used to diagnose, must exclude more severe brain injury
-wait unti asymptomatic

27
Q

Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy

A

-CTE
-spectrum of disorders associated with long term consequences of TBI

Clinical Presentation:
-Behavior changes
-Cognitive impairment
-Motor

28
Q

Seizures Safety Concerns

A

-lay on side to prevent asperation
-protect from injury
-dont put anything in mouth
-time it
-describe event

29
Q

Seizure

A

-single provoked/unprovoked
-transient behavior, sensory, motor, visual s/s
-8-10% of pop

Classification:
-focal vs generalized
-Level of awareness
-other features

30
Q

Epilepsy

A

-2+ unprovoked episodes separate by more than 24h
-or single seizure with heightend risk of future
-must be diagnosed
-40% have normal initial EEG

Causes:
-genetics
-Structural (lesion)
-Metabolic
-Infectious (MC; HIV, malaria, zika, neurocysticercosis parasite)
-immune

Treatment:
-drugs

31
Q

Simple Partial Seizures

A

-focal onset seizure without loss of awareness/consciousness
-begins on one side of the body, contra brain
-clonic or tonic
-paresthesias and hallucinations
-same thing each time

32
Q

Complex Parital Seizures

A

-focal onset seizure with loss of awareness
-auditory and visual
hallucinations
-psychomotor phenomena (chewing, biting, liking lips, dysphagia)

33
Q

Temporal Lobe Seizures

A

-most common
-consiousness varried, short duration
-may have childhood seizures
-followed by post ictal confusion and fatigue

Sensory Aura: smell, taste, hallucinations
Experiential Aura: psychic feeling, deja vu, panic
Autonomic Aura: flushing, nausea, pallor
Aphasia

34
Q

Frontal Lobe Seizures

A

-often clusters at night
-May have aura “jacksonian march”: mmt of paresthesia
-early posturing or clonic activity
-large amplitude mmt
-autonomic features
-breif post ictal phase

35
Q

Absense Seizures

A

-sudden unresponsiveness lasting seconds
-no loss of muscle tone or post ictal
-MC in children

36
Q

Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures

A

-sudden LOC with rigid muscle tone (phase 1)
-rhythmic and convulsive moments (clonic) (phase 2)
-post ictal can last mins to hours (Post ictal stupor)
-Ictal EEG shows bilat (cannot be bilat and maintain consciousness)

37
Q

Myoclonic Seizures

A

-single brief jerks
-may involve luimbs and torso
-not all myoclonus is a seizure

38
Q

Atonic Seizures

A

-head drop and fall forward
-lose tone

39
Q

Febrile Seizures

A

-2-5% of children
-6m to 3yrs
-GTC lastting a few mins
-good prognosis
-do not need medications

40
Q

Non-Epileptic Events

A

-gradual onset of seizure
-porlonged
-thrashing
-motor that sttops and starts
-arrhythmic jerking
-retained consciousness

41
Q

Syncope

A

-light ehaded ness, sweating
-grey vision
-rapid recovery
-incontinence

42
Q

Status Epilepticus

A

-generalized seizure activity last >5min
-GTC
-risk increases with time

43
Q

Epilepsy Drugs Side Effects

A

-black box warning
-OA

General: sleep, nausea, ataxia, nystagmus, confusion

Valporic Acid: weight gain, tremor

Phenytoin: gum hyperplasia, ataxia, rash

Topiramate: kidney stones, cognitive, weight loss

Carbamasepine: dizziness, n/v

Levetiracetam: behavioral changes

Gabapentin: weight gain, behavior, GI, fatigue

44
Q

Headaches

A

-95% of adults
-MC ER visit
-caused by things pressing/affecting on stuff

Primary (MC): migraine, tension, cluster

Secondary: tumor, hydrocephalus, meningitis, anwueysm, HTN, hemorrhage

45
Q

Migraine

A

-18% women, 6% men
-25% in first decade
-Aura: 10% of migranes
-Non-Aura Migraines: 90%

Criteria:
->5
-4-72hrs
-2/4: Throbbing, unilateral, mod to severe, worse with activity
-1/2: N/v or Photophobia/phonophobia

Treatment:
-Lifestyle changes
-Quick meds
-Preventative drugs (prophylaxis)
-Botox

46
Q

SSNOOP4

A

-Headache red flags

-Systemic s/s
-Secondary disease: HIV, cancer
-Neurologic s/s
-Onset
-Older
-Previous Hx
-Positional
-Papilledema
-Precipitants: cough, valsalva

47
Q

Withdrawl Headaches

A

-very common
-worse in AM

Treatment:
-withdraw drugs and start prophylaxis

48
Q

Cluster Headaches

A

-not common
-severe oribital/temporal pain lasting 15min-3 hours

Signs:
-ipsi signs of (congestion, eyelid edema, sweating, flushing, miosis/ptosis

49
Q

Tension Headache

A

-tight band of pain around head

Treatment:
-relaxation
-NSAIDS
-Muscle relaxants

50
Q

Trigeminal Neuralgia

A

-jabs of pain in V2 and V3 (V1 <5%)
-spontaneous or triggered
-mid to late life
-if young, consider MS or BS mass

Treatment:
-microvascular decompression of gangia
-carbamazepine

51
Q

Vertigo

A

-sensation of yourself moving
-central or peripheral (characteristics, timing, provocation)

Central: vestib portion of CNVIII

Peripheral: peripheral end organs, utricle, saccule, semicircular canals

Treatment:
-treat n/v
-antihistamines (short term)
-vestib rehab and adaptation
-repositions methods

52
Q

Opscillopsia

A

-sensation of the world moving

53
Q

Differential Diagnosis of Vertigo Attacks

A

-peripheral vestiubulopathy
-BPPV
-menieres
-vertebrobasilar ischemia

54
Q

Differential Diagnosis of Chronic Vertigo

A

-peripheral vestiubulopathy
-tumor
-MS
-BS infarct

55
Q

BPPV

A

-Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertical
-MC cause of recurrent
-10-30s, triggerd by moveing, rolling, tilting head
-85% involved in posterior semicircular canal

Treatment:
-Dix hallpike

56
Q

Peripheral Vestibulopathy

A

-Viral labyrinthitis and vestibular neuritis
-no neuro signs
-younger ppl

S/S:
-sudden onset that is constant
-hearing loss, n/v, tinnitus

57
Q

Meniere’s Disease

A

-episodic vertigo and vom for mins to hour

S/s
-feeling of fullness in ear and tinnitus
-heaing loss
-progressive

58
Q

Vertigo: Posterior Fossa Mass/Infarction

A

-acute (infarction) or progressive (mass)

S/s
-limb ataxia ipsi to lesion
-BS signs
-LOC, n/v

59
Q

Vertigo: BS Ischemia

A

-BS signs (speech, vision, hearing-
-long term, non fatiguable nystagmus

60
Q

Vestibular Migraine

A

->5 episodes
-migraine hx
-vestib s/s

61
Q

Perisitent Postural Perceptual Dizziness

A

-MC chronic vestib condition
-normal exam

S/s:
-non room spinning dizziness
-persistent over 90 days for hours
-caused impairment (not explained by another Dx)

Neuromuscular (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions