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Head and Neck Physiology/Clinical > Head & Neck- Anatomy / Physiology > Flashcards

Head & Neck- Anatomy / Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What arteries lie within the anterior triangle of the neck?

A

common carotid
external carotid
internal carotid
facial

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2
Q

what veins lie within the anterior triangle of the neck?

A

internal jugular

facial

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3
Q

what nerves lie within the anterior triangle of the neck?

A 
hypoglossal neve
glossopharyngeal nerve 
accessory nerve (XI)
vagus nerve 
laryngeal nerve
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4
Q

infection within the anterior triangle of the neck could travel through which lymphatics?

A

the submandibular nodes

the submental nodes

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5
Q

what arteries lie within the posterior triangle of the neck?

A

occipital artery

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6
Q

what veins lie within the posterior triangle of the neck?

A

external jugular vein

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7
Q

what nerves lie within the posterior triangle of the neck?

A 
cervical nerve plexus
accessory nerve (XI)
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8
Q

where does the cervical plexus emerge between?

A

the middle scalene and levator scapulae

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9
Q

what are the branches of the external carotid artery?

A 
superior thyroid 
ascending pharyngeal 
lingual 
occipital 
posterior auricular 
facial 
maxillary 
superficial temporal
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10
Q

where does the EJV give off the maxillary vein?

A

within the parotid gland

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11
Q

what are the main branches of the external jugular vein?

A 
anterior JV 
posterior JV 
posterior auricular vein
retromandibular 
maxillary
superficial temporal vein
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12
Q

what are the main branches of the internal JV?

A

superior thyroid vein
facial
supratrochlear
supraorbital

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13
Q

why would someone need a central line?

A 
central venous pressure 
IV nutrition 
drug administration 
cardiac pacing 
blood sampling 
haemodialysis
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14
Q

what are the complications associated with central lines?

A 
air embolism 
pneumothorax 
haematoma 
cardiac tamponade 
chylothorax 
false passage 
sepsis 
thrombosis 
line blockage
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15
Q

what is chylothorax and why might it occur as a complication of a central line?

A

chylothorax is lymph (chyle) accumulation within the pleural cavity due to disruption or damaging of the thoracic duct

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16
Q

where do lymph nodes within the head and neck drain to?

A

cisterna chyli then the thoracic duct

17
Q

what are the causes of lymphadenopathy?

A

infection
inflammation
malignancy

18
Q

what are the 2 thyroid lobes joined by?

A

fibrous tissue = isthmus

19
Q

what does the thyroid hormone produce?

A

thyroxine and calcitonin (help to lower Ca and raise phosphate levels)

20
Q

what is a thyroglossal cyst?

A

the thyroglossal duct remnant fills with fluid causing dilatation
may become infection
occurs in the midline

21
Q

how can you assess a patient to see if a lump in their midline is a thyroglossal cyst?

A

ask them to swallow - it will move up and down with swallowing
ask them to stick their tongue out - the cyst will move up as they do this

(this is because the thyroglossal duct is a remnant of the thyroid gland as it forms from the tongue embryologically)

22
Q

lymph from what areas/organs drain into the supraclavicular lymph nodes?

A

breast, oesophagus and solid viscera

23
Q

lymph from what areas/organs drain into the cervical lymph nodes?

A

breast and solid viscera drain into superficial

thoracic duct drain into deep

24
Q

lymph from what areas/organs drain into the submandibular lymph nodes?

A 
tongue
nose
paransal sinuses
oral cavity 
submandibular gland
25
Q

the submental lymph nodes drain what?

A

lips

floor of mouth

26
Q

parotid salivary duct drains what?

A

parotid gland
scalp
face

27
Q

lymph from the scalp drains into what lymph groups?

A

occipital

parotid

28
Q

what are the different types of thyroid masses?

A

solitary nodule
diffuse enlargement
multi - nodular goitre

29
Q

what are the most common causes of multi nodule goitre of the thyroid gland?

A

graves disease

toxic goitre

30
Q

what are the most common causes of diffuse enlargement of the thyroid gland?

A 
Colloid goitre (adenomatous nodules);
- gland hyperplasia 
- puberty 
- pregnancy 
- lactation 
- iodine deficiency 
Graves disease 
Thyroiditis
31
Q

what are the indications for a thyroidectomy?

A

thyrotoxicosis
airway obstruction
malignancy/suspicion
retrosternal extension (goitre with portion of its mass 50% within the mediastinum)

32
Q

what are the complications from a thyroidectomy?

A 
hypothyoroidism 
hypoparathyroidism
thyroid storm
voice paralysis / dysphonia 
bleeding 
infection
scar
33
Q

what is the functions of the parathyroid glands?

A

the regulate Ca and phosphate levels

34
Q

what are the most common parathyroid diseases?

A

painful stones - renal calculi, polyuria, renal failure
aching bones - osteoporosis, bone pain
physic moans - anxiety, depression, confusion, paranoia
abdominal groans- abdominal pain, constipation, peptic ulceration, pancreatitis, weight loss

35
Q

what investigations are used to detect parathyroid disease?

A 
urea and electrolytes 
creatinine 
calcium 
phosphate 
parathyroid hormone 
bicarbonate 
vitamin D

USS
CR/MRI - detect ectopic glands
Isotope scanning - detect diseased glands

36
Q

what can secondary hyperplasia of the parathyroid be caused by?

A

renal failure which causes low calcium resulting in hyperplasia of parathyroid gland

37
Q

describe the anatomy of the parathyroid glands.

A

4 glands

located posterior to the poles of the thyroid gland

38
Q

what investigations are carried out when assessing a thyroid mass?

A

fine needle aspiration cytology
ultra sound scan
CXR
thyroid function tests

39
Q

whats the difference between a branchial cyst and a thyroglossal cyst?

A

branchial cyst lies in the upper and middle 3rd of the SCM
thyroglossal cyst lies in the midline
branchial cyst is remnant of fusion failure of branchial arches or lymph node cystic degeneration
thyroglossal cyst is a remnant of connection between tongue and thyroid gland.

Head and Neck Physiology/Clinical (17 decks)

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