Head, Face, Neck

Question 1

What are the salivary glands

Answer 1

The parotid gland located in the cheeks over the mandible, anterior to and below the ear. They are the largest of the salivary glands but are not normally palpable

The submandibular glands are beneath the mandible at the angle of the jaw

The sublingual glands, lie in the floor of the mouth

Question 2

What is the function of the salivary glands

Answer 2

The glands secrete saliva, the clear fluid that moistens and lubricates the food bolus, starts digestion, and cleans and protects the mucosa

Question 3

Where is the thyroid gland?

Answer 3

It straddles the trachea in the middle of the neck. The gland has 2 lobes, both conical in shape, each curving posteriorly between the trachea and the sternomastoid muscle.

Question 4

Function of the thyroid gland?

Answer 4

Synthesizes and secretes thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), hormones that stimulate the rate of cellular metabolism.

Question 5

What is parotid gland enlargement

Answer 5

A rapid painful inflammation of the parotid occurs with mumps. Mumps is a contagious viral infection of the salivary glands preventable by a vaccine.

Question 6

What does a bruit in the thyroid indicate?

Answer 6

A bruit occurs with accelerated or turbulent blood flow, indicating hyperplasia of the thyroid

Question 7

What is simple diffuse goiter (SDG)

Answer 7

Endemic goiter, a chronic enlargement of the thyroid gland, is common in wide regions of the world (especially mountainous regions) where the soil is low in iodine. Iodine is an essential element in the formation of thyroid hormones.

Question 8

What is multi nodular goiter (MNG)

Answer 8

Multiple nodules usually indicate inflammation, or multinodular goiter rather than a neoplasm.

Question 9

What is single nodule

Answer 9

Painless, rapidly growing nodule. 95% benign. Most common in younger people

Cancerous nodules usually are hard and fixed to surrounding structures.

Question 10

What is hyperthyroidism?

Answer 10

Graves’ disease

An auto immune disease with increased production of thyroid hormones, causing an increased metabolic rate just like ramping up the furnace.

Question 11

How is hyperthyroidism manifested

Answer 11

Is manifested by goiter, eyelid retraction, and exophthalmos (bulging eyeballs)

Question 12

What are the symptoms of hyperthyroidism?

Answer 12

Symptoms include nervousness, fatigue, weight, loss, muscle, cramps, heat intolerance, poor sleep, irritability, anxiety, depression, diarrhea

Signs also include forceful tachycardia, shortness of breath, excessive, sweating, fine muscle tremor, thin silky hair, warm moist skin, infrequent blinking, a staring appearance and hyperreflexia

Question 13

What is hypothyroidism?

Answer 13

Myxedema

A deficiency of thyroid hormones means that the thyroid furnace is cold. This reduces the metabolic rate, and when severe causes a non-pitting edema.

Question 14

What are the symptoms of hypothyroidism?

Answer 14

Fatigue, weight gain, constipation, difficulty thinking, and cold intolerance

Signs include puffy face, especially around eyes, cool dry skin, slowed reflexes, and sometimes slower speech

Question 15

Where is the preauricular lymph nodes located?

Answer 15

In front of the ear

Question 16

Where are the posterior auricular lymph nodes located?

Answer 16

Superficial to the mastoid process

Question 17

Where are the occipital lymph nodes located?

Answer 17

At the base of the skull

Question 18

Where are the submental lymph nodes located?

Answer 18

Midline, behind the tip of the mandible

Question 19

Where are the submandibular lymph nodes located?

Answer 19

Halfway between the angle and the tip of the mandible

Question 20

Where are the jugulodigastric lymph nodes located?

Answer 20

Under the angle of the mandible

Question 21

Where are the superficial cervical lymph nodes located?

Answer 21

Overlying the sternomastoid muscle

Question 22

Where are the deep cervical lymph nodes located?

Answer 22

Deep under the sternomastoid muscle

Question 23

Where are the posterior cervical lymph nodes located?

Answer 23

In the posterior triangle along the edge of the trapezius muscle

Question 24

Where are the supraclavicular lymph nodes located?

Answer 24

Just above and behind the clavicle, at the sternomastoid muscle

Question 25

What do lymph nodes do?

Answer 25

They filter the fluid before it is returned to the bloodstream and filter out microorganisms that could be harmful to the body. The pathogens are exposed to B and T lymphocytes in the lymph nodes, and these mount an antigen specific response to eliminate the pathogens. With local inflammation the nodes in that area becomes swollen and tender.

Question 26

What is lymphadenopathy?

Answer 26

Enlargement of the lymph nodes, more than 1 cm from infection, allergy, or neoplasm

Question 27

How would the nodes be if patient has an acute infection?

Answer 27

Nodes are bilateral, enlarged, warm, tender, and firm but freely movable

Question 28

How do nodes appear in Hodgkin lymphoma?

Answer 28

Painless, rubbery, discreet notes that gradually appear. commonly in the cervical region

Question 29

How do the nodes appear in chronic inflammation?

Answer 29

For example, in tuberculosis, the nodes are clumped

Question 30

What is a concussion?

Answer 30

A type of traumatic brain injury that alters normal functioning of the brain.

Question 31

What are serious signs of concussions?

Answer 31

Forgetfulness of recent events, loss of consciousness, mental cloudiness