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ENT > Head and neck squamous cancers > Flashcards

Head and neck squamous cancers Flashcards

Nasopharyngeal Oropharyngeal Hypopharyngeal

1
Q

What cell type is nasopharyngeal cancer?

A

squamous cell carcinoma

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2
Q

What is nasopharyngeal cancer associated w?

A

EBV
HLA A2 allele
HPV

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3
Q

What are sx of nasopharyngeal cancer?

A 
Otalgia
Unilateral serous otitis media 
Nasal obstruction, discharge and/or epistaxis 
CN palsies e.g. III-VI
Neck lumps
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4
Q

What investigations should be done for nasopharyngeal canceR?

A

Endoscopy/biopsy
PCR for EBV
combined CT + MRI

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5
Q

What is rx of nasopharyngeal cancer?

A

1st line radiotherapy

+/- chemo +/- surgery

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6
Q

What is the most common histological type in oropharyngeal ca?

A

squamous

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7
Q

What is the typical presentation of oropharyngeal cancer?

A 
older pt, smoker
sore throat 
sensation of a Lump 
referred oltagia 
local irritation by hot or cold goods
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8
Q

what is rx of oropharyngeal cancer?

A

surgery

radiotherapy

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9
Q

how do hypo pharyngeal tumours typically present

A

elderly
lump in the throat
dysphagia for solids then liquids

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10
Q

what is the oropharynx composed of?

A

base of the tongue, tonsils, soft palate and the walls of the pharynx

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11
Q

What are causes of squamous laryngeal cancer?

A

Smoking
Alcohol
HPV type 16
Occupational exposure e.g. asbestos

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12
Q

What sex is more commonly affected by laryngeal cancer?

A

male

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13
Q

What are the sx of laryngeal cancer? what is the most common early sx?

A

Chronic hoarseness - earliest
Stridor
Dysphagia, odynophagia
Haemoptysis

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14
Q

How do you diagnose laryngeal cancer?

A

laryngoscopy + biopsy
HPV status
MRI - staging

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15
Q

What is the rx of laryngeal cancer?

A

radical radiotherapy
or
total laryngectomy

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16
Q

What is rx of laryngeal cancer w HPV+ve?

A

chemo, radio + cetuximab

17
Q

When should u suspect sinus squamous cell cancer?

A

chronic sinusitis presenting for the first time in later life

18
Q

What are early signs of sinus canceR?

A

blood stained nasal discharge and nasal obstruction

19
Q

What are later signs of sinus cancer?

A

cheek swelling
sweller or ulcers of palate
Epiphora (overflow of tears to face)
ptosis + diplopia

20
Q

what investigations would u do for suspected sinus cancer?

A

MRI/CT +/- endoscopy w biopsy

21
Q

What is rx of sinus canceR?

A

radiotherapy +/- radical surgery

22
Q

Why do sinus cancers tend to present late?

A

epistaxis, obstruction and headache only occur w large tumours

ENT (19 decks)

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