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Unit 5: Head and Neck > Head and Neck Part 4 (The Brain and Nerves) > Flashcards

Head and Neck Part 4 (The Brain and Nerves) Flashcards

The Brain and Cranial Nerves

1
Q

What part of a neuron conducts impulses away form the cell body?

A

Axon

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2
Q

What is a cablelike bundle of parallel axons and dendrites?

A

A nerve

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3
Q

What is a functional connection for the transmission of impulses from a neuron to a second cell?

A

Synapse

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4
Q

What type of tissue within the CNS houses motor neuron and interneuron cell bodies, dendrites, telodendria, and unmyelinated axons?

A

Gray matter

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5
Q

What type of tissue within the CNS houses myelinated axons?

A

White matter

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6
Q

What is the superficial sheet of gray matter covering most of the adult brain?

A

Cerebral cortex

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7
Q

Within the interior of the brain what are clusters of gray matter?

A

Cerebral nuclei

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8
Q

Collectively what are the three connective tissue layers that separate the soft tissue of the brain from the bones of the cranium, enclose and protect blood vessels that supply the brain, and contain and circulate cerebrospinal fluid?

A

Meninges (singular=meninx)

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9
Q

Surrounding the CNS, what is the external, tough, dense irregular connective tissue layer composed of two fibrous layers?

A

Dura mater

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10
Q

What are the two layers of the dura mater?

A

Periosteal layer
Meningeal layer

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11
Q

What spaces are formed when the two layers of the dura mater separate?

A

Dural venous sinuses

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12
Q

What potential space lies between the dura ad the cranium?

A

Epidural space

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13
Q

What potential space lies between the dura and the arachnoid?

A

Subdural space

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14
Q

Which meninx is deep to and in contact with the dura?

A

Arachnoid (arachnoid mater or arachnoid membrane)

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15
Q

What real space lies just deep to the arachnoid?

A

Subarachnoid space

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16
Q

What meninx is the deepest and, unlike the others, follows the contours of the brain?

A

Pia mater

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17
Q

Collectively what are the four extensions of the dura mater that extend as flat partitions into the cranial cavity to provide additional stabilization and support for the brain?

A

Cranial dural septa

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18
Q

What are the cavities within the brain?

A

ventricles

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19
Q

What is the clear, colorless liquid that circulates in the ventricles and subarachnoid space of the brain?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

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20
Q

List the functions of cerebrospinal fluid.

A

Buoyancy
protection
environmental stability

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21
Q

Within the ventricles of the brain what structures form CSF?

A

Choroid plexuses

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22
Q

About how much CSF is formed every day?

A

500 ml

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23
Q

About how much CSF is within and around the CNS at any one time?

A

100-160ml

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24
Q

What structures reabsorb CSF?

A

Arachnoid villi

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25
Q

Outline the flow of CSF:

A

1) produced by choroid plexuses in the lateral ventricles.
2)flows form lateral ventricles through interventricular foramina into the third ventricle
3) more is formed in the third ventricle and flows through the cerebral aqueduct into the fourth ventricle.
4)flows into the subarachnoid space form the 4th ventricle or into the central canal of the spinal cord
5) travels through the subarachnoid space
6) reabsorbed into the blood through arachnoid villi in the dural venous sinuses

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26
Q

What is the function of the blood-brain barrier?

A

Regulates what substances enter the interstitial fluid of the brain

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27
Q

What are the functions of the cerebrum?

A

Conscious though processes
origin of all complex intellectual functions

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28
Q

What is the outer layer of gray matter of the cerebrum?

A

Cerebral cortex

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29
Q

What are the elevated ridges on the surface of the cerebrum?

A

gyri

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30
Q

What are the shallow depressions on the surface of the cerebrum?

A

Sulci

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31
Q

What are the deep grooves of the cerebrum?

A

Fissures

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32
Q

What are the two halves of the cerebrum?

A

Cerebral hemishperes

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33
Q

What deep groove separates the two halves of the cerebrum?

A

Longitudinal fissure

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34
Q

What large tract of white matter connects the two halves of the cerebrum and is the main method of communication between them?

A

Corpus callosum

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35
Q

How many lobes lie within the cerebral hemisphere?

A

5

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36
Q

What is the most anterior of the cerebral lobes?

A

Frontal

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37
Q

What are the anatomical borders of the most anterior of the cerebral lobes?

A

Central sulcus
Lateral sulcus

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38
Q

What important anatomical feature of the frontal lobe lies immediately anterior to the central sulcus?

A

Precentral gyrus

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39
Q

What is the function of the primary motor cortex?

A

Control voluntary skeletal muscle activity

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40
Q

The motor speech area is located within what region of the brain?

A

Brocca’s area
Inferolateral portion of the left fontal lobe

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41
Q

What is the function of the motor speech area?

A

Regulates breathing patterns and controls muscular movements for vocalization.

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42
Q

List the primary functions of the frontal lobe of the cerebrum.

A

Voluntary motor functions
concentration
verbal communication
decision making
planning
personality

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43
Q

What lobe of the cerebrum forms the superoposterior part of each cerebral hemisphere?

A

Parietal lobe

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44
Q

What important anatomical feature lies immediately posterior to the central sulcus?

A

Postcentral gyrus

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45
Q

What lobe of the cerebrum deals with general sensory functions such as evaluating the shape and texture of objects being touched

A

Parietal

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46
Q

Where does the primary somatosensory cortex lie?

A

Postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobes

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47
Q

What is the function of the primary somatosensory cortex?

A

Receiving information on touch, pressure, pain. and temperature

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48
Q

What lobe of the cerebrum lies inferior to the lateral sulcus?

A

Temporal lobe

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49
Q

What are the functions of the temporal lobe of the cerebrum that lies inferior to the lateral sulcus?

A

Hearing
interpreting speech and language
smell

50
Q

Where does the primary auditory cortex occur?

A

Temporal lobe

51
Q

What is the function of the primary auditory cortex?

A

Receive and process auditory information

52
Q

Where does the olfactory cortex occur?

A

Temporal lobe

53
Q

What is the function of the olfactory cortex?

A

Provide conscious awareness of smell

54
Q

What lobe of the cerebrum forms the most posterior region of each cerebral hemisphere?

A

Occipital lobe

55
Q

Where does the primary visual cortex occur?

A

Occipital lobe

56
Q

What are the functions of the lobe of the cerebrum that forms the most posterior region of each cerebral hemisphere?

A

Visual processing
Visual memories

57
Q

What is the function of the primary visual cortex?

A

Receive and process visual information

58
Q

What small, deep lobe of each cerebral hemisphere lies deep to the lateral sulcus?

A

Insula

59
Q

What are the apparent functions of the small, deep lobe of each cerebral hemisphere that lies deep to the lateral sulcus?

A

Memory
Interpretation of taste

60
Q

Where does the gustatory cortex occur?

A

Insula

61
Q

What is the function of the gustatory cortex?

A

Processing of taste information

62
Q

What are bundles of myelinated axons that lie deep to the cerebral cortex?

A

Tracts

63
Q

What are paired, irregular masses of gray matter buried deep within the central white matter in the basal region of the cerebral hemispheres inferior to the floor of the lateral ventricle?

A

Cerebral nuclei

64
Q

What part of the brain is composed of the epithalamus, right and left thalami, and the hypothalamus?

A

Diencephalon

65
Q

What structure partially forms the posterior roof of the diencephalons and covers the third ventricle?

A

Epithalamus

66
Q

What are the paired structures on either side of the third ventricle?

A

Thalamus

67
Q

What are the functions of the thalamus?

A

relay point for sensory information
filter sensory information
where sensory info is coming from

68
Q

What part of the brain lies inferior to the thalamus?

A

Hypothalamus

69
Q

What structure attaches the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland?

A

Infundibulum

70
Q

What are the functions of the hypothalamus?

A

Master control of the ANS
Master control of the endocrine system

71
Q

What three regions form the brainstem?

A

midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata

72
Q

What is a synonym for mesencephalon?

A

Midbrain

73
Q

Within the midbrain what are the motor tracts located on the anterolateral surfaces?

A

Cerebral peduncles

74
Q

Within the midbrain what is the “body of four twins”?

A

Corpora quadrigemina

75
Q

What are the “visual reflex centers” of the midbrain?

A

Superior colliculi

76
Q

What are the “auditory reflex centers” of the midbrain?

A

Inferior colliculi

77
Q

What is the bulging region on the anterior part of the brainstem?

A

Pons

78
Q

What is the most inferior part of the brainstem?

A

Medulla oblongata

79
Q

What is the second largest part of the brain?

A

Cerebellum

80
Q

What are the right and left halves of the cerebellum?

A

Cerebellar hemispheres

81
Q

What wormlike structure of the cerebellum lies between the two cerebellar hemishpheres?

A

Vermis

82
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

Coordinates and “fine tunes” skeletal muscle movement
maintains equilibrium and posture (these neurons are particularly susceptible to alcohol)

83
Q

What thick tracts connect the cerebellum to the brainstem?

A

Cerebellar peduncles

84
Q

What are cranial nerves?

A

Nerves that extend from the brain

85
Q

How many cranial nerves are there?

A

12 pairs

86
Q

What is the name and number of the first cranial nerve?

A

I olfactory

87
Q

What is the function of the first cranial nerve?

A

Sensory function: olfaction

88
Q

What openings in the skull transmit the first cranial nerve?

A

Foramina of the cribriform plate of the ethmoid

89
Q

What is the name and number of the second cranial nerve?

A

II optic

90
Q

What is the function of the second cranial nerve?

A

Sensory function: vision

91
Q

What openings in the skull transmits the second cranial nerve?

A

Optic foramen

92
Q

What is the name and number of the third cranial nerve?

A

III oculomotor

93
Q

What is the function of the third cranial nerve?

A

Somatic motor function: move eyeball and elevates upper eyelid
Parasympathetic motor: innervates sphincter papillae to constrict pupil

94
Q

What opening in the skull transmits the third cranial nerve?

A

Superior orbital fissure

95
Q

What is the name and number of the fourth cranial nerve?

A

IV trochlear

96
Q

What is the function of the fourth cranial nerve?

A

Somatic motor function: supplies one extrinsic eye muscle to move eyeball inferiorly and laterally

97
Q

What opening in the skull transmits the fourth cranial nerve?

A

Superior orbital fissure

98
Q

What is the name and number of the fifth cranial nerve?

A

V trigeminal

99
Q

What are the three branches of the fifth cranial nerve?

A

Ophthalmic branch (V1)
Maxillary branch (V2)
Mandibular branch (V3)

100
Q

What are the functions of the fifth cranial nerve?

A

Sensory function:
-The ophthalmic branch conducts sensory impulses from cornea, nose, forehead, and anterior scalp
-the maxillary branch conducts sensory impulses from nasal mucosa, palate, gums, and cheek
-the mandibular branch conducts sensory impulses from the anterior 2/3 of tongue, skin of the chin, lower jaw, lower teeth, and 1/3 auricle of the ear.
Somatic motor function: innervates muscles of mastication and other muscles of the lower facial region

101
Q

What openings in the skull transmit the fifth cranial nerve?

A

Ophthalmic branch - superior orbital fissure
Maxillary branch - Foramen rotundum
Mandibular branch - foramen ovale

102
Q

What is the name and number of the sixth cranial nerve?

A

VI abducens

103
Q

What is the function of the sixth cranial nerve?

A

Innervates lateral rectus of eyeball abduction of eye

104
Q

What opening in the skull transmits the sixth cranial nerve?

A

Superior orbital fissure

105
Q

What is the name and number of the seventh cranial nerve?

A

VII facial

106
Q

What are the functions of the seventh cranial nerve?

A

Motor: goes to muscles of facial expression
Sensory: taste on anterior 2/3 tongue
Parasympathetic: activate submandibular, sublingual, and lacrimal glands

107
Q

What openings in the skull transmit the seventh cranial nerve?

A

stylomastoid foramen

108
Q

What is the name and number of the eighth cranial nerve?

A

VIII vestibulocochlear

109
Q

What are the functions of the eighth cranial nerve?

A

Sensory: hearing and equilibrium impulses

110
Q

What opening in the skull transmits the eighth cranial nerve?

A

Internal acoustic meatus

111
Q

What is the name and number of the ninth cranial nerve?

A

IX Glossopharyngeal

112
Q

What are the functions of the ninth cranial nerve?

A

Sensory: taste on posterior 1/3 tongue; sensory info- blood pressure/chemistry
Motor: muscles of pharynx
Parasympathetic: activate parotid salivary gland

113
Q

What opening in the skull transmits the ninth cranial nerve?

A

Jugular foramen

114
Q

What is the name and number of the tenth cranial nerve?

A

X vagus

115
Q

What are the functions of the tenth cranial nerve?

A

Sensory: back of throat and larynx
Motor: muscles of pharynx
Parasympathetic: thoracic and abdominal viscera

116
Q

What opening in the skull transmits the tenth cranial nerve?

A

Jugular foramen

117
Q

What is the name and number of the eleventh cranial nerve?

A

XI accessory

118
Q

What are the functions of the eleventh cranial nerve?

A

Motor: trapezius and sternocleidomastoid

119
Q

What opening in the skull transmits the eleventh cranial nerve?

A

Jugular foramen

120
Q

What is the name and number of the twelfth cranial nerve?

A

Hypoglossal

121
Q

What are the functions of the twelfth cranial nerve?

A

Motor: muscles of the tongue

122
Q

What opening in the skull transmits the twelfth cranial nerve?

A

Hypoglossal canal

Unit 5: Head and Neck (5 decks)

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