Head and Neck Part 4 (The Brain and Nerves) Flashcards
The Brain and Cranial Nerves
1
Q
What part of a neuron conducts impulses away form the cell body?
A
Axon
2
Q
What is a cablelike bundle of parallel axons and dendrites?
A
A nerve
3
Q
What is a functional connection for the transmission of impulses from a neuron to a second cell?
A
Synapse
4
Q
What type of tissue within the CNS houses motor neuron and interneuron cell bodies, dendrites, telodendria, and unmyelinated axons?
A
Gray matter
5
Q
What type of tissue within the CNS houses myelinated axons?
A
White matter
6
Q
What is the superficial sheet of gray matter covering most of the adult brain?
A
Cerebral cortex
7
Q
Within the interior of the brain what are clusters of gray matter?
A
Cerebral nuclei
8
Q
Collectively what are the three connective tissue layers that separate the soft tissue of the brain from the bones of the cranium, enclose and protect blood vessels that supply the brain, and contain and circulate cerebrospinal fluid?
A
Meninges (singular=meninx)
9
Q
Surrounding the CNS, what is the external, tough, dense irregular connective tissue layer composed of two fibrous layers?
A
Dura mater
10
Q
What are the two layers of the dura mater?
A
Periosteal layer
Meningeal layer
11
Q
What spaces are formed when the two layers of the dura mater separate?
A
Dural venous sinuses
12
Q
What potential space lies between the dura ad the cranium?
A
Epidural space
13
Q
What potential space lies between the dura and the arachnoid?
A
Subdural space
14
Q
Which meninx is deep to and in contact with the dura?
A
Arachnoid (arachnoid mater or arachnoid membrane)
15
Q
What real space lies just deep to the arachnoid?
A
Subarachnoid space
16
Q
What meninx is the deepest and, unlike the others, follows the contours of the brain?
A
Pia mater
17
Q
Collectively what are the four extensions of the dura mater that extend as flat partitions into the cranial cavity to provide additional stabilization and support for the brain?
A
Cranial dural septa
18
Q
What are the cavities within the brain?
A
ventricles
19
Q
What is the clear, colorless liquid that circulates in the ventricles and subarachnoid space of the brain?
A
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
20
Q
List the functions of cerebrospinal fluid.
A
Buoyancy
protection
environmental stability
21
Q
Within the ventricles of the brain what structures form CSF?
A
Choroid plexuses
22
Q
About how much CSF is formed every day?
A
500 ml
23
Q
About how much CSF is within and around the CNS at any one time?
A
100-160ml
24
Q
What structures reabsorb CSF?
A
Arachnoid villi
25
Outline the flow of CSF:
1) produced by choroid plexuses in the lateral ventricles.
2)flows form lateral ventricles through interventricular foramina into the third ventricle
3) more is formed in the third ventricle and flows through the cerebral aqueduct into the fourth ventricle.
4)flows into the subarachnoid space form the 4th ventricle or into the central canal of the spinal cord
5) travels through the subarachnoid space
6) reabsorbed into the blood through arachnoid villi in the dural venous sinuses
26
What is the function of the blood-brain barrier?
Regulates what substances enter the interstitial fluid of the brain
27
What are the functions of the cerebrum?
Conscious though processes
origin of all complex intellectual functions
28
What is the outer layer of gray matter of the cerebrum?
Cerebral cortex
29
What are the elevated ridges on the surface of the cerebrum?
gyri
30
What are the shallow depressions on the surface of the cerebrum?
Sulci
31
What are the deep grooves of the cerebrum?
Fissures
32
What are the two halves of the cerebrum?
Cerebral hemishperes
33
What deep groove separates the two halves of the cerebrum?
Longitudinal fissure
34
What large tract of white matter connects the two halves of the cerebrum and is the main method of communication between them?
Corpus callosum
35
How many lobes lie within the cerebral hemisphere?
5
36
What is the most anterior of the cerebral lobes?
Frontal
37
What are the anatomical borders of the most anterior of the cerebral lobes?
Central sulcus
Lateral sulcus
38
What important anatomical feature of the frontal lobe lies immediately anterior to the central sulcus?
Precentral gyrus
39
What is the function of the primary motor cortex?
Control voluntary skeletal muscle activity
40
The motor speech area is located within what region of the brain?
Brocca's area
Inferolateral portion of the left fontal lobe
41
What is the function of the motor speech area?
Regulates breathing patterns and controls muscular movements for vocalization.
42
List the primary functions of the frontal lobe of the cerebrum.
Voluntary motor functions
concentration
verbal communication
decision making
planning
personality
43
What lobe of the cerebrum forms the superoposterior part of each cerebral hemisphere?
Parietal lobe
44
What important anatomical feature lies immediately posterior to the central sulcus?
Postcentral gyrus
45
What lobe of the cerebrum deals with general sensory functions such as evaluating the shape and texture of objects being touched
Parietal
46
Where does the primary somatosensory cortex lie?
Postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobes
47
What is the function of the primary somatosensory cortex?
Receiving information on touch, pressure, pain. and temperature
48
What lobe of the cerebrum lies inferior to the lateral sulcus?
Temporal lobe
49
What are the functions of the temporal lobe of the cerebrum that lies inferior to the lateral sulcus?
Hearing
interpreting speech and language
smell
50
Where does the primary auditory cortex occur?
Temporal lobe
51
What is the function of the primary auditory cortex?
Receive and process auditory information
52
Where does the olfactory cortex occur?
Temporal lobe
53
What is the function of the olfactory cortex?
Provide conscious awareness of smell
54
What lobe of the cerebrum forms the most posterior region of each cerebral hemisphere?
Occipital lobe
55
Where does the primary visual cortex occur?
Occipital lobe
56
What are the functions of the lobe of the cerebrum that forms the most posterior region of each cerebral hemisphere?
Visual processing
Visual memories
57
What is the function of the primary visual cortex?
Receive and process visual information
58
What small, deep lobe of each cerebral hemisphere lies deep to the lateral sulcus?
Insula
59
What are the apparent functions of the small, deep lobe of each cerebral hemisphere that lies deep to the lateral sulcus?
Memory
Interpretation of taste
60
Where does the gustatory cortex occur?
Insula
61
What is the function of the gustatory cortex?
Processing of taste information
62
What are bundles of myelinated axons that lie deep to the cerebral cortex?
Tracts
63
What are paired, irregular masses of gray matter buried deep within the central white matter in the basal region of the cerebral hemispheres inferior to the floor of the lateral ventricle?
Cerebral nuclei
64
What part of the brain is composed of the epithalamus, right and left thalami, and the hypothalamus?
Diencephalon
65
What structure partially forms the posterior roof of the diencephalons and covers the third ventricle?
Epithalamus
66
What are the paired structures on either side of the third ventricle?
Thalamus
67
What are the functions of the thalamus?
relay point for sensory information
filter sensory information
where sensory info is coming from
68
What part of the brain lies inferior to the thalamus?
Hypothalamus
69
What structure attaches the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland?
Infundibulum
70
What are the functions of the hypothalamus?
Master control of the ANS
Master control of the endocrine system
71
What three regions form the brainstem?
midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata
72
What is a synonym for mesencephalon?
Midbrain
73
Within the midbrain what are the motor tracts located on the anterolateral surfaces?
Cerebral peduncles
74
Within the midbrain what is the "body of four twins"?
Corpora quadrigemina
75
What are the "visual reflex centers" of the midbrain?
Superior colliculi
76
What are the "auditory reflex centers" of the midbrain?
Inferior colliculi
77
What is the bulging region on the anterior part of the brainstem?
Pons
78
What is the most inferior part of the brainstem?
Medulla oblongata
79
What is the second largest part of the brain?
Cerebellum
80
What are the right and left halves of the cerebellum?
Cerebellar hemispheres
81
What wormlike structure of the cerebellum lies between the two cerebellar hemishpheres?
Vermis
82
What is the function of the cerebellum?
Coordinates and "fine tunes" skeletal muscle movement
maintains equilibrium and posture (these neurons are particularly susceptible to alcohol)
83
What thick tracts connect the cerebellum to the brainstem?
Cerebellar peduncles
84
What are cranial nerves?
Nerves that extend from the brain
85
How many cranial nerves are there?
12 pairs
86
What is the name and number of the first cranial nerve?
I olfactory
87
What is the function of the first cranial nerve?
Sensory function: olfaction
88
What openings in the skull transmit the first cranial nerve?
Foramina of the cribriform plate of the ethmoid
89
What is the name and number of the second cranial nerve?
II optic
90
What is the function of the second cranial nerve?
Sensory function: vision
91
What openings in the skull transmits the second cranial nerve?
Optic foramen
92
What is the name and number of the third cranial nerve?
III oculomotor
93
What is the function of the third cranial nerve?
Somatic motor function: move eyeball and elevates upper eyelid
Parasympathetic motor: innervates sphincter papillae to constrict pupil
94
What opening in the skull transmits the third cranial nerve?
Superior orbital fissure
95
What is the name and number of the fourth cranial nerve?
IV trochlear
96
What is the function of the fourth cranial nerve?
Somatic motor function: supplies one extrinsic eye muscle to move eyeball inferiorly and laterally
97
What opening in the skull transmits the fourth cranial nerve?
Superior orbital fissure
98
What is the name and number of the fifth cranial nerve?
V trigeminal
99
What are the three branches of the fifth cranial nerve?
Ophthalmic branch (V1)
Maxillary branch (V2)
Mandibular branch (V3)
100
What are the functions of the fifth cranial nerve?
Sensory function:
-The ophthalmic branch conducts sensory impulses from cornea, nose, forehead, and anterior scalp
-the maxillary branch conducts sensory impulses from nasal mucosa, palate, gums, and cheek
-the mandibular branch conducts sensory impulses from the anterior 2/3 of tongue, skin of the chin, lower jaw, lower teeth, and 1/3 auricle of the ear.
Somatic motor function: innervates muscles of mastication and other muscles of the lower facial region
101
What openings in the skull transmit the fifth cranial nerve?
Ophthalmic branch - superior orbital fissure
Maxillary branch - Foramen rotundum
Mandibular branch - foramen ovale
102
What is the name and number of the sixth cranial nerve?
VI abducens
103
What is the function of the sixth cranial nerve?
Innervates lateral rectus of eyeball abduction of eye
104
What opening in the skull transmits the sixth cranial nerve?
Superior orbital fissure
105
What is the name and number of the seventh cranial nerve?
VII facial
106
What are the functions of the seventh cranial nerve?
Motor: goes to muscles of facial expression
Sensory: taste on anterior 2/3 tongue
Parasympathetic: activate submandibular, sublingual, and lacrimal glands
107
What openings in the skull transmit the seventh cranial nerve?
stylomastoid foramen
108
What is the name and number of the eighth cranial nerve?
VIII vestibulocochlear
109
What are the functions of the eighth cranial nerve?
Sensory: hearing and equilibrium impulses
110
What opening in the skull transmits the eighth cranial nerve?
Internal acoustic meatus
111
What is the name and number of the ninth cranial nerve?
IX Glossopharyngeal
112
What are the functions of the ninth cranial nerve?
Sensory: taste on posterior 1/3 tongue; sensory info- blood pressure/chemistry
Motor: muscles of pharynx
Parasympathetic: activate parotid salivary gland
113
What opening in the skull transmits the ninth cranial nerve?
Jugular foramen
114
What is the name and number of the tenth cranial nerve?
X vagus
115
What are the functions of the tenth cranial nerve?
Sensory: back of throat and larynx
Motor: muscles of pharynx
Parasympathetic: thoracic and abdominal viscera
116
What opening in the skull transmits the tenth cranial nerve?
Jugular foramen
117
What is the name and number of the eleventh cranial nerve?
XI accessory
118
What are the functions of the eleventh cranial nerve?
Motor: trapezius and sternocleidomastoid
119
What opening in the skull transmits the eleventh cranial nerve?
Jugular foramen
120
What is the name and number of the twelfth cranial nerve?
Hypoglossal
121
What are the functions of the twelfth cranial nerve?
Motor: muscles of the tongue
122
What opening in the skull transmits the twelfth cranial nerve?
Hypoglossal canal
