Head and Neck Flashcards
1
Q
List the 3 parts of the skull
A
Neurocranium
Facial skull/viscero-cranium
Mandible
2
Q
List the structure of a skull bone
A
Skull bones are mainly irregular bones
Compact bone found on surfaces
Diploe (spongy cancellous bone) in between layers of compact bone
3
Q
Between what bones of the skull is the sagittal suture?
A
Between the 2 parietal bones
4
Q
Between what bones of the skull is the coronal suture?
A
Between the frontal and parietal bones
5
Q
Between what bones of the skull is the lambdoid suture?
A
Between the parietal and occipital bones
6
Q
On what bone is the occipital protuberance found?
A
Occipital bone
7
Q
On what bone is the mastoid process found on?
A
Temporal bone - sight of attachment for sternocleidomastoid and other muscles
8
Q
What bones form the zygomatic arch?
A
Temporal bone (posteriorly) and zygomatic bone (anteriorly)
9
Q
On what bone is the styloid process found on?
A
Temporal bone
10
Q
In what bone is the pituitary fossa/hypophysial fossa found?
A
Sphenoid bone
11
Q
What is the largest foramen found in the posterior cranial fossa and what passes through it?
A
Foramen magnum
Spinal cord and meninges
Right and left vertebral arteries and veins
Spinal branches of accessory nerves
12
Q
What is the function of air sinuses and sacs?
A
Decrease the weight of the skull
13
Q
What are the ossicles?
A
Malleus
Incus
Stapes
14
Q
In what bone are the ossicles found?
A
Petrous part of the temporal bone
15
Q
Describe the extent of the scalp
A
Extends anteriorly to the supra-orbital margins of the frontal bone, posteriorly until the nuchal lines and laterally as far as the zygomatic arches
16
Q
What bone creates the superior nuchal line?
A
Occipital bone
17
Q
What joint is found between the bones of the zygomatic arch?
A
Zygomaticotemporal suture
18
Q
What are the 5 layers of the SCALP?
A
Skin Connective tissue Aponeurosis of the occcipitofrontalis muscle Loose connective tissue Pericranium
19
Q
Describe the cutaneous innervation of the scalp
A
On anterior part, nerve supply is from branches of the trigeminal nerve (CN V) - opthalmic, maxillary and mandibular
On posterior part, cervical nerves C2 and C3
20
Q
What makes up the brachial plexus?
A
C5-T1
21
Q
In which layer of the scalp are blood vessels found?
A
2nd layer, connective tissue
22
Q
What is the supratrochlear artery a branch of?
A
Internal carotid artery
23
Q
What is the supra-orbital artery a branch of?
A
Internal carotid artery
24
Q
What is the superficial temporal artery a branch of?
A
External carotid artery
25
What is the posterior auricular artery a branch of?
External carotid artery
26
What is the occipital artery a branch of?
External carotid artery
27
From what artery are most of the blood vessels of the scalp from?
External carotid artery
28
Where is an easy place to spot the superficial temporal artery?
In front of tragus of ear
29
What potential grave complication could arise from scalp infection due to presence of emissary veins?
Due to their valveless nature and their connection to both veins of the scalp and diploic veins, they can allow infections to spread intracranially
30
What are emissary veins?
Valveless veins which connect the veins of the scalp to the diploic veins of the skull
31
What is another term for muscles of facial expression?
Mimetic muscles
32
What muscle of facial expression surrounds the eye?
Orbicularis oculi
33
What muscle of facial expression surrounds the mouth?
Orbicularis oris
34
What innervates the muscles of facial expression?
Facial nerve (CN VII)
35
From which foramen does the facial nerve emerge onto the side of the face?
Stylomastoid foramen
36
What type of gland is the parotid salivary gland?
Exocrine gland
37
Where does the parotid duct open into the oral cavity?
Parotid duct runs along the masseter and pierces the buccinator to open into the vestibule of the mouth (between cheeks and gums) opposite the 2nd superior molar tooth
38
What structures pass through the parotid gland?
Facial nerve CN VII
External carotid artery
Retromandibular vein
39
Which division of the autonomic nervous system would be secretomotor to the parotid salivary duct?
Parasympathetic
40
Which cranial nerve carries parasympathetic fibres to the parotid duct?
Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
41
Where does the sympathetic innervation to the parotid gland originate from?
Cervical ganglion through the external carotid nerve plexus
42
From which artery are the facial artery and the superficial temporal artery branches of?
External carotid artery
43
What bone does the facial artery wind around to reach the face?
Mandible
44
What muscles lies directly posterior to the facial artery as it enters onto the face?
Masseter
45
Just before it enters onto the face, which gland does the facial artery groove?
Submandibular salivary gland
46
Where does the facial artery terminate?
Terminates as the angular artery by the eyes
47
Into which vein does the facial vein and superficial temporal vein of the face drain into?
External jugular vein
48
What are the 4 compartments of the neck?
Vertebral compartment
Vascular compartment
Visceral compartment
Musculofascial collar
49
What is found within the vertebral compartment of the neck?
Cervical vertebrae and postural muscles
50
What is found within the vascular compartment of the neck?
One on each side
Contains major blood vessels and vagus nerve
51
What is found within the visceral compartment of the neck?
```
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Oesophagus
```
52
How many cervical vertebrae are there?
7 (C1-C7)
53
What kind of joint is found between the occipital condyles and C1 (atlas)?
Synovial condyloid joint
54
What kind of joint is found between the atlas (C1) and axis (C2) at the odontoid peg?
Synovial pivot joint
55
What structures pass through the foramen transversium?
Vertebral arteries, veins and nerves
56
What is the vertebra prominens?
C7 - has a long and easily palpable spinous process
57
Describe a typical cervical vertebrae
Short bifid spinous process (change the lower they are)
Transverse foramen within transverse foramen
Triangular vertebral foramen
58
What are the proximal and distal attachments of the sternocleidomastoid?
Proximal - lateral surface of mastoid process
| Distal - sternal head and clavicular head
59
If the right sternocleidomastoid contracted:
a) to which side would the head tilt?
b) to which side would the face turn?
a. head would tilt right
| b. face would turn left
60
What are the actions of the trapezius?
Turns/tilts head
Shrugs and steadies shoulders
Moves scapula
61
What cranial nerve innervates the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius?
Accessory nerve (CN XI)
62
In which triangle of the neck is the accessory nerve found?
Posterior triangle
63
Between which muscles of the neck does the brachial plexus emerge from?
Between anterior and middle scalene muscles of the neck
64
From which artery is the right common carotid artery a branch of?
Brachiocephalic artery
65
From which artery is the left common carotid artery a branch of?
Branches straight off the aortic arch
66
What structures are found within the carotid sheath?
Common carotid artery
Internal jugular vein
Vagus nerve
67
At what vertebral level does the common carotid artery split into the internal and external carotid arteries?
C4/C5 - near upper border of thyroid
68
Which branch of the CCA gives off branches in the neck?
ECA
69
Which of the two branches of the CCA is the most lateral?
ICA
70
Whats the two terminal branches of the ECA given off in the face?
Maxillary artery
| Superficial temporal artery
71
List the branches of the ECA
Some Anatomists Like Freaking Out Poor Medical Students
Some Anatomists Like Freaking Out Poor Medical Students
```
Superficial temporal artery
Ascending pharyngeal artery
Lingual artery
Facial artery
Occipital artery
Posterior auricular artery
Maxillary artery
Superior thyroid artery
```
72
Where does the internal jugular vein emerge from the skull?
Jugular foramen
73
Which vein does the IJV merge with to form a then larger vein as it drains down from the neck?
Merges with subclavian vein to form brachiocephalic vein
74
How can you tell between the internal and external jugular veins on the specimens?
Internal is found under the sternocleidomastoid
| External is superficial to the sternocleidomastoid
75
Into what vein does the EJV drain into?
Subclavian vein
76
Where does the vagus nerve lie in relation to the vascular contents of the carotid sheath?
Found in between the artery and vein; found most posteriorly
77
Where does the phrenic nerve lie in relation to the carotid sheath?
Found deep to the carotid sheet between C3-C5
Supplies diaphragm
78
What is the only bone in the body that doesn't articulate with another bone?
Hyoid bone
79
List the suprahyoid muscles
Digastric
Stylohyoid
Geniohyoid
Myelohoid
80
List the infrahyoid muscles
Sternohyoid
Sternothyroid
Omohyoid
Thyrohyoid
81
What 4 sets of muscles attach to the hyoid bone?
Suprahyoid muscles
Infrahyoid muscles
Extrinsic muscles of the tongue
Pharyngeal constrictor muscles (middle)
82
Describe the innervation of the suprahyoid muscles
Digastric - inferior alveolar nerve (anterior belly) + digastric branch of facial nerve (posterior belly)
Stylohyoid - facial nerve
Geniohyoid - C1 via hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)
Myelohoid - mandibular division of trigeminal (CN V3)
83
Describe the innervation of the infrahyoid muscles
Sternohyoid - C1-C3
Sternothyroid - C2 + C3
Thyrohyoid - C1 via hypoglossal nerve
Omohyoid - C1-C3
84
What is the cervical plexus?
Somatic nerve plexus arising from vertebral roots C1-C4 which innervates the back of the head and some neck muscles.
85
Where does the cervical plexus roots emerge from?
Between anterior and middle scalene muscles
86
Name a nerve that emerges from the cervical plexus and travels down the thorax
Phrenic nerve
87
What is the ansa cervicalis?
Loop formed from C1-C3 which innervates all infrahyoid muscles except the thyrohyoid
88
At what level is the isthmus of the thyroid gland found?
~C7
Anterior to 2nd and 3rd tracheal rings
89
What is the main action of the suprahyoid muscles?
Elevate hyoid
90
What is the main action of the infrahyoid muscles?
Depress hyoid
91
In which of the four compartments is the thyroid gland in the neck?
Visceral compartment
92
Describe the position of the recurrent and external laryngeal nerves to the thyroid gland
Recurrent - behind isthmus
External - superficial to thyroid gland
93
Name the parts of the mandible
```
Ramus
Angle
Body
Condyle/Condyloid process
Coronoid process
Mental foramen
Symphysis
Mandibular foramen
```
94
What nerve travels in the mandibular foramen?
Inferior alveolar nerve
95
What nerve travels in the mental foramen?
The mental nerve, a terminal branch of inferior alveolar nerve, and the mental artery leave the mandibular canal through it.
96
How many adult teeth are there?
32
8 incisors
4 canines
8 premolars
12 molars
97
How many deciduous teeth are there?
20
- Incisor (8)
- Canine (4)
- Molar (8)
98
What anatomical changes are seen in edentulous mandible?
Alveolar processes are reabsorbed as not used (atrophy as bone and muscle = smaller thinner mandible)
99
What type of joint is the TMJ?
Synovial modified hinge joint
100
What processes form the TMJ joint?
Temporomandibular joint
Mandibular fossa of the temporal bone
Condyloid process of mandible
101
List 5 movements that occur at the TMJ
```
Elevation
Depression
Protrusion
Retraction
Side to side
```
102
List the 4 muscles of mastication
Temporalis (superficial)
Masseter (superficial)
Lateral Pterygoid (deep)
Medial pterygoid (deep)
Superficial if above mandible, deep if below mandible
103
What are the bony attachments of the temporalis muscle?
Temporal fossa
| Coronoid process of mandible
104
What is the fibre orientation of the anterior temporalis muscle?
Vertical
105
What is the fibre orientation of the posterior temporalis muscle?
Horizontal
106
What would happen to the mandible if the anterior fibres of the temporalis contract?
Elevation of mandible
107
What would happen to the mandible if the posterior fibres of the temporalis contract?
Retracts jaw
108
List the bony attachments of the masseter
Zygomatic arch
| Outer surface of ramus and angular process of the mandible
109
List the site of bony attachment of the lateral pterygoid
Lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate
| Neck of mandible
110
List the site of bony attachment of the medial pterygoid
Medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate
| Medial surface of angle of mandible
111
What action occurs when the two lateral pterygoids contract?
protrusion of mandible
112
What action occurs when the two medial pterygoids contract?
elevation of mandible
113
What action occurs when the lateral and medial pterygoids on the same side contract?
chewing - side to side
114
What muscles are responsible for depression of the mandible?
Suprahyoid muscles along with gravity
Digastric, myelohyoid and stylohyoid
115
What muscles produce elevation of the mandible?
Masseter
Temporalis
Medial pterygoid
116
What muscle produces protrusion of the mandible?
Lateral pterygoid
117
What muscle produces retraction of the mandible?
Posterior horizontal fibres of the temporalis
118
What muscles produce side to side movements of the mandible?
Temporalis (ipsilateral)
| Contralateral pterygoids
119
Describe the innervation of the muscles of mastication
Mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve - sensory and motor
120
What are the functions of the nose?
Traps dirt
Respiration
Humidification of inspired air
Olfaction
121
With which bone does the two nasal bones articulate with superiorly?
Frontal bone
Site - nasion
122
With which bone does the two nasal bones articulate with laterally?
Frontal process of the maxilla bone
123
What forms the roof of the nose?
Nasal bones
Frontal bone
Ethmoid bone (contains cribriform plate)
Sphenoid bone
124
What forms the floor of the nasal cavity?
Palatine processes of the maxilla
Palatine bone
Soft palate
125
What bones make up the nasal septum?
Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone
Vomer
Finished at tip by septal cartilage
126
What attaches to the crista galli of the ethmoid bone?
Falx cerebri
127
What bones form the hard palate?
Palatine process of the maxilla
| Horizontal plate of the palatine bone
128
What type of epithelium forms the respiratory mucosa lining most of the nasal cavity?
Ciliated psuedostratified columnar epithelium
Roof lined by olfactory mucosa
129
Which cranial nerve innervates the olfactory mucosa on the roof of the nasal cavity?
Olfactory nerve (CN I)
130
Which bone allows the olfactory nerve fibres into the nasal cavity?
Cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone
131
What is the function of the conchae/turbinates?
Provide an increased surface area for air to be humidified and to create laminar air flow
132
What name is given to ten space above the superior concha?
Spheno-ethmoidal recess - receives opening of sphenoidal sinus
133
What bone are the superior and middle turbinates parts of?
Cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone
134
Describe the blood supply and drainage of the nose
Branches of ophthalmic artery (branch of ICA+ branches of ECA
Venous plexus drains nose
135
What are paranasal air sinuses?
Group of 4 paired air filled sacs - extension of respiratory tract in nasal cavity in cranial bones
Frontal ethmoidal sphenoidal maxillary
136
What are the functions of the paranasal air sinuses?
Increases resonation of voice
Decreases weight of skull
Buffer against trauma
137
What is the clinical significance that the respiratory mucosa is continuous with the lining of the paranasal sinuses?
Infection can spread from nasal cavity into the sinuses, causing inflammation and sinusitis
138
Which air cells drain into the sphenoid-ehtmoidal recess?
Sphenoidal sinuses
139
Which air cells drain into the superior meatus?
Posterior ethmoidal air cells
140
Which air cells drain into the middle meatus?
Middle ethmoidal air cells
Anterior ethmoidal air cells
Maxillary air cells
Frontal air cells
141
What drains into the inferior meatus?
Nasolacrimal duct from the lacrimal sac
142
Which sinus doesn't drain well and why?
Maxillary sinus - its opening is not at its most inferior part and therefore secretions don't drain well
143
Which air sinus is often indented by tooth sockets?
Maxillary sinus
144
The pain sensation caused by sinusitis is carried by which nerve?
Branches of trigeminal nerve (innervates sinuses)
145
Which branch of CN V innervates the frontal air sinus?
V1
146
Which branch of CN V innervates the sphenoidal air sinus?
V1 and V2
147
Which branch of CN V innervates the maxillary air sinus?
V2
148
Which branch of CN V innervates the ethmoidal air sinus?
V1
149
What is the vestibule of the mouth?
Space between teeth, lips and cheeks
150
What muscle makes up the lateral walls of the oral cavity, and what innervates it?
Buccinator - facial nerve
151
What is the posterior opening of the oral cavity called?
Oropharyngeal isthmus - junction between soft and hard palate
152
What are the functions of the tongue?
```
Moving food during chewing
Speech
Taste
Oral cleansing
Swallowing
```
153
What V shaped sulcus divides the tongue into the anterior 2/3 and posterior 1/3?
Terminal sulcus
154
What is the foramen caecum?
Small pit on terminal sulcus, is a non-functional remnant of the proximal part of the thyroglossal duct from which the thyroid gland develops
155
What are the different types of papillae found on the anterior surface of the tongue?
Filiform
Foliate - contain taste buds
Vallate - contain taste buds
Fungiform papillae - contain taste buds
156
What are the projections on the dorsal surface of the tongue?
Lingual tonsils - submucosal lymphoid tissue
157
What fold of mucous membrane fixes the tongue to the floor of the mouth?
Frenulum
158
What duct has openings on the sublingual caruncles?
Submandibular ducts
159
Describe the motor innervation of the muscles of the tongue
All by hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) except palatoglossus which is innervated by the pharyngeal plexus (CN X)
160
Describe the sensory innervation of the tongue
Anterior 2/3 - general sensory = lingual nerve from mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve (CN V3); taste sensation = chorda tympani branch of facial nerve (CN VII)
Posterior 1/3 - general sensory and taste sensation from glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
161
What are the two types of muscles of the tongue and what is their function?
Intrinsic - change shape of tongue
| Extrinsic - alter position of tongue
162
Describe the attachment of the genioglossus and its action
Upper border of mandible
| Protrudes tongue to opposite side
163
Describe the attachment of the hyoglossus and its action
Inner surface of hyoid close to mandible
| Depresses tongue
164
Describe the attachment of the styloglossus and its action
Distal styloid process
| Retrudes tongue and curls sides
165
Describe the attachment of the palatoglossus and its action
Soft palate
| Elevates posterior tongue or depresses soft palate
166
When the nerve enervating the right genioglossus is damaged, which side of the mouth would you expect the tongue to deviate to when asking to stick their tongue out?
Right side - inability of right genioglossus to deviate it to the left
right hypoglossal palsy
167
Name the 3 paired are salivary glands
Parotid
Submandibular
Sublingual
168
What nerve carries parasympathetic innervation to the parotid gland?
Glossopharyngeal nerve
169
What nerve carries parasympathetic innervation to the submandibular gland?
Chorda tympani of the facial nerve
170
What nerve carries parasympathetic innervation to the sublingual gland?
Chorda tympani of the facial nerve
171
Name the 5 muscles of the soft palate and their innervation
Tensor veli palatini - medial pterygoid nerve (branch of V3)
Levator veli palatini - pharyngeal plexus
Palatoglossus - pharyngeal plexus
Palatopharyngeus - pharyngeal plexus
Muscularis uvulae - pharyngeal plexus
172
What is the collective function of the muscles making up the soft palate?
Seal off oral passage, squeezes food to back of cavity and prevents bolus entering nasal cavity
173
What structure is found between the folds of mucosa overlying the palatoglossus and palatopharyngeus?
Palatine tonsil
174
What is the depression found between the back of the tongue and in front of the epiglottis called?
Vallecula
175
Between which anatomical landmarks is the pharynx found?
Cranial base to the inferior border of C6 vertebrae posteriorly
176
What forms the roof of the nasopharynx?
Underside of sphenoid and basal part of occipital bone
177
In relation to the larynx, where does the pharynx lie?
Pharynx is superior and slightly posterior to the larynx
178
Describe the structure of the pharynx wall
Outer muscular layer - outer circular (three constrictor muscles) + inner longitudinal (made up of stylopharyngeus, salpingopharyngeus and palatopharyngeus)
Middle fibrous layer
Inner mucous membrane
179
Which muscle making up part of the inner longitudinal muscle of the pharynx surrounds the eustachian tube and aids in opening it?
Salpingopharyngeus
180
What innervates the pharynx?
Pharyngeal plexus - CN IX + CN X
Glossopharyngeal - sensory
Vagus - motor
181
What is the role played by the constrictor muscles of the pharynx?
During swallowing these constrict to push bolus downwards
182
What is the role played by the longitudinal muscle layer of muscles during swallowing?
Elevate and shorten larynx during swallowing and speech
183
What is the name of the lymphoid tissue surrounding the entrance to the oropharynx and its purpose?
Pharyngeal lymphoid ring or Waldeyer's ring - protection go infection from inspired air
184
Where are the nasopharyngeal tonsils (aka adenoids) found?
Near connection of oropharynx to nasopharynx, can cause scoring in kids if large
185
Prominence on which cartilage of the larynx produces the Adams apple in males?
Laryngeal prominence on thyroid cartilage
186
Which cartilage of the larynx is paired?
Arytenoid
187
Which cartilage of the larynx is a complete ring?
Cricoid cartilage
188
Which membrane of the larynx is found inferior to the vocal cords, and what is its clinical significance?
Cricothyroid cartilage - if vocal cords become inflamed and cause stridor can get emergency airway access through this membrane
189
What controls movement of the vocal cords?
Intrinsic muscles of the larynx control the movement the vocal fold as well as controlling her diameter of the laryngeal inlet
190
Describe the innervation of the intrinsic muscles of the larynx
All by recurrent laryngeal nerve (branch of vagus) except for cricothyroid muscle which is supplied by the superior laryngeal nerve (branch of vagus)
191
Which nerve is vulnerable during neck surgery?
Recurrent laryngeal nerve - dissection would cause voice to become hoarse (unilateral) or lost (bilateral)
192
What nerve supplies sensory innervation to the mucous membrane of the larynx?
Internal laryngeal nerve (branch of superior laryngeal)
193
Describe the position of the vocal folds during:
a. normal respiration
b. rapid breathing e.g. exercise
c. speaking/singing
a. abducted
b. full abducted
c. adducted
194
What is the anatomical term for the false cords?
Vestibular folds
195
What is the ventricle of the larynx?
Space between false and true cords
196
What is the vestibule of the larynx?
Space between laryngeal inlet and vestibular folds
197
What passes through the optic foramen?
```
Optic nerve (CN II)
Opthalmic artery
```
198
What passes through the superior orbital fissure?
```
Oculomotor nerve (CN III)
Trochlear nerve (CN IV)
Abducens nerve (CN VI)
Opthalmic division of trigeminal (CN V1)
Opthalmic veins
Sympathetic fibres from cavernous sinus
```
199
Which foramen of the orbit separates the wings of the sphenoid?
Superior orbital fissure
200
What passes though the inferior orbital fissure?
Maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve (V2)
201
What are the 3 layers of the eye?
Outer fibrous layer - complete all way around
Middle vascular layer - incomplete anteriorly
Inner sensory layer - found posteriorly
202
What are the components of the outer fibrous layer of the eye?
Sclera - tough and opaque
| Cornea - transparent
203
What are the components of the middle vascular layer of the eye?
Choroid
Ciliary body - secretes aqueous humor
Iris
204
What are the components of the inner sensory layer of the eye?
Retina
205
What divides the eye into the anterior and posterior segment?
Lens
206
What is found in the anterior compartment of the eye?
Aqueous humor - watery fluid
207
What is found in the posterior compartment of the eye?
Vitreous humor - gel like
208
What is the junction between the choroid and retina called
Ora serrata
209
List the intrinsic muscles of the eye, their location, action and innervation
Ciliaris - within ciliary body, for accommodation, parasympathetic from CN III
Constrictor papillae - pupillary border of iris, constriction of iris, parasympathetic from CN III
Dilator papillae - radially around iris, contracts to increase diameter of lens, sympathetic innervation
210
What is the anatomical term for looking laterally away from the nose?
Abduction
211
What is the anatomical term for looking medially towards your nose?
Adduction
212
Describe intorsion
When the top of the eye rotates towards the nose
213
Describe extortion
When the top of the eye rotates away from the eye
214
What is the anatomical term for looking up?
Elevation/supraduction
215
What is the anatomical term for looking down?
Depression/infraduction
216
List the 6 extrinsic muscles of the eye and movements they cause
Medial rectus - abduction
Lateral rectus - adduction
Superior rectus - elevation when abducted, adduction and intorsion
Inferior rectus - depression when abducted, adduction and extortion
Superior oblique - depression, abduction and intorsion
Inferior oblique - elevation when adducted, abduction and extorsion
217
What muscle is also considered an extrinsic muscle of the eye despite it not acting on the eyeball itself?
Levator palpabrae superioris - innervated by CN III, elevates upper eyelid
218
Which is the only extrinsic eye muscle that doesn't arise from the posterior aspect of the eye?
Inferior oblique
219
What ligaments that prevent overabduction and over adduction of the eye?
Check ligaments - found on medial and lateral sides of eyes
220
What is the function of the suspensory ligament of the eye?
Connects ciliary body to lens to hold it in place
| Prevent downwards displacement of the eye
221
What artery supplies the eye and what is it a branch of?
Ophthalmic artery - branch of ICA
222
What nerve innervates the superior oblique?
Trochlear nerve
223
What nerve innervates the lateral rectus?
Abducens nerve
224
What type of joint is found between the ossicles?
Synovial
225
Which ossicle is found directly attached to the tympanic membrane?
Malleus
226
Which ossicle is found directly attached to the oval window?
Stapes
227
Name two muscles related to the ossicles and their location
Tensor tympani - long muscle found along eustachian tube and connects malleus to tympanic membrane
Stapedius - attached to stapes and surrounding bone, small and short muscle
228
What is the action of the tensor tympani?
Pull malleus medially and tenses TM to reduce vibration to prevent damage
229
What is the action of the stapedius?
Pulls stapes posteriorly to prevent excessive movement of the stapes
230
What is the central part of the bony labyrinth found between the cochlea and SCCs called?
Vestibule of the ear
231
Which two areas does the middle ear communicate with and via what connections?
Nasopharynx via eustachian tube
| Mastoid air cells via mastoid antrum
232
Within which bone is the middle and inner ear found?
Petrous part of the temporal bone
233
Describe the structure and contents of the inner ear
Inner ear consists of bone lined chambers called the bony labyrinth, which contains potassium poor perilymph. Within these are a series of membraneous chambers called the membranous labyrinth, which contains potassium risk endolymph.
234
Through which foramen does the facial nerve leave the posterior cranial fossa?
Internal auditory meatus
235
What exits the posterior cranial fossa via the internal auditory meatus?
Facial nerve
| Vestibulocochlear nerve
236
What does the facial nerve do as it travels through the middle ear?
Runs in facial canal on medial wall, and gives of chorda tympani which supplies parasympathetic innervation to the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands, as well as taste to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue
237
Where do the efferent lymphatics from the right jugular lymph trunk drain into?
Venous angle - junction of IVC and subclavian vein
238
Where do the efferent lymphatics from the left jugular lymph trunk drain into?
Thoracic duct
239
Which lymph nodes drain the scalp around the parotid gland, lateral parts of the eyelids and middle ear?
Parotid nodes
240
Which lymph nodes drain the cheek region?
Buccal nodes
241
Which lymph nodes drain the anterior tongue tip and the central part of the mouth and chin?
Submental nodes
242
Which lymph nodes drain the front of the scalp, nose, lips, air sinuses, teeth, anterior tongue, floor of the mouth and efferent lymph nodes from the submental lymph nodes?
Submandibular nodes
243
Which lymph nodes drain the middle region of the scalp and the external auditory meatus?
Mastoid nodes
244
Which lymph nodes drain the back of the scalp?
Occipital lymph nodes
245
Which lymph nodes drain the superficial structures of the anterior neck?
Anterior cervical nodes
246
Which lymph nodes drain the parotid nodes, the angle of the mandible and structures that lie at the junction between the neck, face and scalp?
Superficial cervical
247
Which lymph nodes drain the nasopharynx, auditory tube and the upper cervical vertebral column?
Retropharyngeal nodes
248
Which lymph nodes drain the larynx and adjacent structures?
Pharyngeal nodes
249
Which lymph nodes drain the trachea and thyroid gland?
Tracheal nodes
250
Which bone forms the posterior border of the anterior cranial fossa and the anterior boundary of the middle cranial fossa?
Lesser wings of sphenoid bone
251
Which bones form the floor of the middle cranial fossa?
Sphenoid and temporal bone (squamous and petrous part)
252
Which bone forms the posterior border of the middle cranial fossa and the anterior border of the posterior cranial fossa?
Temporal bone
253
Which four bones form the pterion?
Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Sphenoid
254
Which bone forms the posterior boundary of the posterior cranial fossa?
Occipital bone
255
What strutures pass through the tiny foramina of the skull?
Emissery veins and nerves
256
What passes through the foramen rotundum?
Maxillary branch of trigeminal (V2)
257
What passes through the foramen ovale?
Mandibular branch of trigeminal (V3) - inferior alveolar nerve
258
What passes through the foramen spinosum?
Middle meningeal artery - supplies pterion
259
What passes through the foramen lacerum?
Nerve of pterygoid canal
260
What passes through the carotid canal found in the groove of the foramen lacerum?
Internal carotid artery
261
What passes through the jugular foramen?
Glossopharyngeal (IX)
Vagus (X)
Accessory (XI)
Internal jugular vein
262
What passes through the hypoglossal foramen?
Hypoglossal nerve (XII)
263
What results from an injury to the pterion?
Middle meningeal artery found on inner surface of thin part of bone and easy damaged, resulting in a extradural haemorrhage. Forms biconvex lens shaped lesion on scans due to the dura mater being connected to periosteum by sutures
264
What forms the sigmoid sinus?
Internal jugular vein
265
What is the depression in the midline in the middle cranial fossa that houses the pituitary gland?
Sella turcica of the sphenoid bone
266
What are the 4 projections surrounding the sella turcica called and what is their purpose?
Anterior and posterior clinoid processes
| Sites of attachment for the tentorium cerebelli
267
What are the grooves found on either side of the sella turcica called?
Cavernous sinus
268
From which bone are the pterygoid plates a part of?
Sphenoid bone
269
Which bones make up the base of the skull?
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Palatine process of the maxilla
Horizontal plate of palatine bones
Sphenoid
Vomer
Temporal
Occipital bone
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270
What muscles attach to the medial pterygoid plate of the sphenoid?
Superior pharyngeal constrictor muscles
271
What type of ossification occurs in the flat bones of the vast of the skull?
Intramembraneous ossification
272
What type of ossification occurs in the irregular bones of the base of the skull?
Endochondral ossification
273
What differences are seen in skulls of babies and those of adults?
Fontanelles - closed in adults
Dentition - more in adults
Tympanic membrane - deeper in adults
Styloid and mastoid processes - developed as you age
274
How long does it take for the anterior fontanelle to fuse?
18-24 months
275
How long does it take for the posterior fontanelle to fuse?
8 weeks (1-3 months)
276
What type of epithelium lines the dorsal surface of the tongue?
Keratinised stratified squamous epithelium (except not keratinised on fungiform papillae)
277
What type of muscle fibres are found underneath the epithelium of the tongue?
Skeletal intrinsic muscle
278
Describe the changes in stating on histology of serous acing and mucous acini
Serous - secrete proteins, stain strongly
| Mucous - secrete mucus, stain poorly
279
What cells in salivary glands help squeeze secretions out of acini?
Myoepithelial cells
280
Describe the staining of the parotid salivary gland
Secretion is predominantly serous, so stains darkly
281
Describe the staining of the submandibular salivary gland
Mixed - mixture of dark and lightly stained cells
282
Describe the staining of the sublingual salivary gland
Secretions are predominantly mucous, so stain light
283
What conditions are associated with the premature closure of the fontanelles?
Hydrocephalus
Meningitis
Increased intracranial pressure
