Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Anatomy for Systems > Alimentary system > Flashcards

Alimentary system Flashcards

1
Q

At what vertebral level is the iliac crest?

A

L4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What two lines are used to divide the abdomen into 4 quadrants?

A

Transumbilical line

Median line/midsagittal line

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What 4 lines are used to divide the abdomen into 9 quadrants?

A

Right midclavicular line
Left midclavicular line
Transtubercular line
Transpyloric line/subcostal line

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What organs and structures are found in the right hypochondriac region of the abdomen?

A

Liver
Gallbladder
Small intestines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What organs and structures are found in the left hypochondriac region of the abdomen?

A

Spleen
Stomach
Pancreas
Colon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What organs and structures are found in the epigastric region of the abdomen?

A

Liver
Stomach
Pancreas
Duodenum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What organs and structures are found in the right lumbar region of the abdomen?

A

Ascending colon
Liver
Gallbladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What organs and structures are found in the left lumbar region of the abdomen?

A

Descending colon

Left kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What organs and structures are found in the umbilical region of the abdomen?

A

Small intestine
Transverse colon
Umbilicus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What organs and structures are found in the right iliac/inguinal region of the abdomen?

A

Caecum

Appendix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What organs and structures are found in the left iliac/inguinal region of the abdomen?

A

Sigmoidal colon

Descending colon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What organs and structures are found in the hypogastric/suprapubic region of the abdomen?

A

Bladder
Sigmoidal colon
Female reproductive organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

List the 4 muscles of the anterior abdominal wall, their actions and their innervation

A

External oblique - compress and support abdominal viscera and flexes trunk; ventral rami of T7-T11 and subcostal nerves

Internal oblique - compress and support abdominal viscera; ventral rami of T7-T11, subcostal nerves + L1

Transversus abdominis - compress and support abdominal viscera; ventral rami of T7-T11 + subcostal nerves + L1

Rectus abdominis - compress and support viscera, flexes trunk and stabilises tilt of pelvis; anterior rami of T7-T12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe the arrangement of the abdominal muscles above and below the level of the umbilicus

A

Above umbilicus - rectus abdominis is enclosed either side by the rectus sheath (made up of EO, IO and TA)

Below umbilicus - aponeurosis of all 3 pass anteriorly to the rectus abdominis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the rectus sheath?

A

Formed by aponeurosis of the muscles of the abdomen - specifically EO, IO and TA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is an aponeurosis?

A

Sheet of white fibrous tissue; takes place of a tendon in sheet like muscles and have a wide area of attachment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

At what vertebral level is the umbilicus?

A

L3-L4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Which thoracic spinal segments innervate the anterior abdominal wall?

A

T7-T12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What dermatome supplies the level of the umbilicus?

A

T10

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What dermatome supplies the level of the nipples?

A

T4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How is the inguinal canal formed?

A

Formed during the relocation of the gonads during foetal development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Describe the position of the inguinal canal in relation to the inguinal ligament

A

Lies parallel to and above the medial half of the inguinal ligament

Inguinal canal is found anterior to it too

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the 2 bony attachments of the inguinal canal?

A

Anterior superior iliac crest

Pubic tubercle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Describe the borders/walls of the inguinal canal

A

Anterior - EO and IO
Posterior - Transversalis fascia
Roof - Transversalis fascia + Transversalis abdominus
Floor - Inguinal ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is the relationship of the deep inguinal ring to the inferior epigastric vessels?
DIR is found lateral to inferior epigastric vessels
26
What type of inguinal hernia is more common in children?
Indirect inguinal hernias (congenital)
27
What type of inguinal hernia is more common in the elderly?
Direct inguinal hernias - due to muscle weakness
28
Describe the features of a direct inguinal hernia
Can be found and palpable on the abdomen Found medial to inferior epigastric vessels Typically found in the elderly due to muscle weakness Bulges onto the posterior walls of the inguinal canal Cannot descend into the scrotum
29
Describe the features of a indirect inguinal hernia
Typically found in children due to a congenital abnormally Found lateral to the inferior epigastric vessels Passes through inguinal canal Can descend into the scrotum Not palpable - behind EO
30
Where is the superficial inguinal ring found in relation to the pubic tubercle?
Found superolateral to the pubic tubercle
31
What are the superior epigastric vessels branches of?
Internal thoracic artery
32
What are the inferior epigastric vessels branches of?
External iliac artery
33
List the contents of the inguinal canal in males
Spermatic cord Ilio-inguinal nerve Blood and lympathics Spermatic cord coverings
34
List the contents of the inguinal canal in females
Round ligament of the uterus Ilio-inguinal nerve Blood and lymphatics Genitofemoral nerve
35
Which type of inguinal hernia is more common?
Direct hernias (acquired weakness rather than congenital weakness seen in direct hernias)
36
What % of inguinal hernias are direct?
1/3
37
Describe the 4 layers seen in the gut tube
Mucosa - epithelium - lamina propria - muscularis mucosae (MM) Submucosa Muscularis propria/externa - circular + longitudinal muscle Serosa/adventitia
38
What are the four basic mucosal subtypes found in the GI tract, and give examples of each?
Protective - oral cavity, pharynx, oesophagus, rectum Secretory - stomach Absorptive - entire small intestines Absorptive/protective - large intestine
39
Describe the histology of protective GI regions
Stratified squamous epithelium
40
Describe the histology of secretive GI regions
Stomach Simple columnar epithelium with tubular glands
41
Describe the histology of the small intestine
Absorptive epithelium with villi and short glands
42
Describe the histology of the large intestines
Absorptive and protective role Made up of closely packed straight glands with goblet cells
43
What are the 2 subdivisions of the peritoneum?
Parietal | Visceral
44
What is a mesentery?
Mesentery is a double layer of the peritoneum that encloses a structure
45
What is an omentum?
Momentum is a double layer of the peritoneum that connect the stomach to another viscus/organ
46
What is a peritoneal ligament?
Ligament is a double layer of the peritoneum that connects an organ to another or the posterior wall
47
What are the major divisions of the peritoneal cavity (sacs)?
Greater omentum | Lesser omentum
48
What is another name for the lesser omentum?
Omental bursa
49
How do the two omental sacs communicate?
Omental foramen/epiploic foramen
50
Give some examples of intraperitoneal organs
``` Spleen Stomach Liver Small intestines Pancreas ```
51
Give some examples of retroperitoneal organs
SAD PUCKER ``` Suprarenal glands Abdominal aorta Duodenum Pancreas (except tail) Ureters Colon (ascending and descending) Kidneys Esophagus Rectum ```
52
What is present in the peritoneal cavity?
Space between the parietal and visceral perironeum Filled with small volume (~50ml) of peritoneal fluid No organs present in this space
53
Which layer of the peritoneum is sensitive to heat, pressure. cold and pain?
Parietal peritoneum
54
What are the attachments of the greater omentum?
Greater curvature of the stomach to the proximal duodenum
55
What are the attachments of the lesser omentum?
Lesser curvature of the stomach to the liver
56
Why is the greater omentum referred to as the abdominal policeman?
In infection, inflammatory exudate causes the omentum to adhere to the site of infection and wrap around it. This localises the infection to a small portion of the cavity, protecting against serious diffuse peritonitis
57
What innervation corresponds to pain felt by the parietal peritoneum?
T7-T12 and L1 Pain is well localised and useful in clinical diagnosis - rebound tenderness
58
Describe the innervation of pain impulses from the visceral peritoneum?
Innervated by autonomic nerves. Pain is often referred and is dull and poorly localised. As GI tract is a midline structure receiving bilateral nerve supply, pain is referred to the midline
59
List the posterior wall muscles of the abdomen
Psoas major Quadratus lumbarum Iliacus
60
List the organs and structures found on the posterior abdominal wall
Kidneys Spleen Pancreas Duodenum
61
List the major nerves found in the posterior abdominal wall
Obturator nerve (L2-4) - passes through obturator foramen of pelvis Femoral nerve (L2-L4) - found to emerge between psoas major and the iliac near the hip
62
List the major blood vessels found in the posterior abdominal wall
Abdominal aorta Inferior vena cava Azygos vein
63
Describe the nerve supply of the quadratus lumborum
Ventral rami of T12-L4
64
What are the 3 major openings in the diaphragm and at what vertebral levels are they found?
Caval hiatus - T8 Oesophageal hiatus - T10 Aortic hiatus - T12
65
What are the main 3 branches of the abdominal aorta that supplies blood to the gut tube within the abdominopelvic cavity, and at what vertebral level do they branch off?
Coeliac artery - T12 Superior mesenteric artery - L1 Inferior mesenteric artery - L3
66
At what vertebral level does the abdominal aorta bifurcate into the 2 common iliac arteries?
L4
67
How is the inferior vena cava formed?
Form at L5 when the 2 common iliac veins merge to form the IVC
68
What does the celiac trunk divide into?
Left gastric artery Splenic artery Hepatic artery
69
List some foregut structures
Abdominal oesophagus | Stomach
70
List some midgut structures
Appendix Small intestine Ascending colon Caecum
71
List some hindgut structures
Large intestine | Rectum
72
Which artery supplies the foregut?
Celiac trunk
73
Which artery supplies the midgut?
Superior mesenteric artery
74
Which artery supplies the hindgut?
Inferior mesenteric artery
75
What is a portal system?
A portal venous system occurs when a capillary bed pools into another capillary bed through veins, without first going through the heart. Both capillary beds and the blood vessels that connect them are considered part of the portal venous system.
76
The portal vein is formed by the fusion of what 2 veins?
Superior mesenteric vein | Splenic vein
77
List the 4 sites of portocaval anastomosis in the body, and some complications related to these
Distal oesophagus - oesophageal varices Rectal veins - haemorrhoids Para-umbilicus veins - varices Colic veins
78
Describe the sympathetic nerve supply of the abdomen
Abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves - greater (T5-T9) - lesser (T10-T11) - least (T12) Prevertebral sympathetic ganglia Abdominal aortic plexus
79
Describe the parasympathetic nerve supply of the abdomen
Anterior and posterior vagal trunks (CN X) Pelvis splanchnic nerves (S2-S4)
80
Between which vertebral levels are the kidneys found?
T12-L3
81
What is the anterior to posterior arrangement of the contents of the hilum of the kidneys?
Vein Artery Pelvis of ureter
82
Describe the 3 constriction sites of the ureters
At the junctions of the ureters and renal pelvis (pelviuretieric junction) Where ureters cross the brim of the pelvic inlet During passage through bladder wall
83
At what vertebral level is the anterior superior iliac spine?
L4/L5
84
Which region of the abdomen contains the right kidney?
Right lumbar region
85
Describe the location of the spleen
Right hand side Tip of 9th costal cartilage Spleen parallel to 9-11th ribs Lies in midaxillary line
86
How long is the oesophagus, then specifically how long is the abdominal oesophagus?
Oesophagus is 25cm long; abdominal section is 1.25cm long
87
Where does the oesophagus originate and extend to anatomically?
Starts at pharynx and ends at the stomach
88
What are the 3 constrictions of the oesophagus?
Cervical - at the pharynx Thoracic - caused by aortic arch Diaphragmatic - oesophageal hiatus
89
At what vertebral level is the oesophageal hiatus in the diaphragm?
T10
90
At what vertebral level is the caval hiatus in the diaphragm?
T8
91
At what vertebral level is the aortic hiatus in the diaphragm?
T12
92
What structures transverse the oesophageal hiatus?
Oesophagus Anterior and posterior vagal trunks Oeosphageal branches of left gastric artery lymphatic vessels
93
What is the arterial blood supply of the oesophagus?
Branches of left gastric artery
94
What is the venous drainage of the oesophagus?
Left gastric veins
95
What is the lymphatic drainage of the oesophagus?
Left gastric lymph nodes (which drain into celiac lymph nodes)
96
What is the pyloric sphincter?
Sphincter between stomach and duodenum - controls stomach emptying
97
What is the pyloric sphincter formed from?
Thickening of the circular smooth muscle in the inner layer of the muscularis externa
98
What are the rugae of the stomach formed from?
Gastric mucosa
99
In what parts of the stomach are the rugae most prominent?
Pyloric part | Along greater curvature
100
What group of lymph nodes ultimately drains the stomach?
Celiac lymph nodes
101
What nerve is key in controlling gastric motility?
Vagus nerve
102
What are the 3 parts of the small intestine in order of flow?
Duodenum Jejunum Ileum
103
Where is the foregut/midgut boundary?
Found in 2nd region of duodenum near opening for bile duct
104
How is the small intestines peritonised?
Duodenum - retro | Jejunum and ileum - intra
105
Which part of the small intestines is the shortest, widest and most fixed?
Duodenum
106
How can you tell between the jejunum and ileum?
Jejunum - deeper red, thick wall, higher vascularity, long vasa recta, few large arcades, less fat in mesentery; large tall and closely packed circular folds, few peyers patches Ileum - paler pink, thin light walls, less vascular, short vasa recta, many short arcades, lots of fat in mesentery, smaller and widely separated circular folds, many peers patches
107
Does the jejunum or ileum have many arterial arcades (loops)?
Ileum
108
What features of the small intestines differentiates it from the small intestines?
Teniae coli - 3 thickened bands of longitudinal muscle Haustra - sacculations/pouches of colon between tenure Omental fatty appendages
109
How are the different sections of the large intestine peritonised?
``` Caecum - intra Ascending - retro Transverse - intra Descending - retro Sigmoid - intra ```
110
Where is the boundary of the midgut and hindgut?
2/3 along transverse colon - remember differing blood supply
111
What is McBurneys point?
Site of max tenderness in acute appendicitis 1/3 of distance from right iliac crest to umbilicus
112
What is the most common position of the appendix?
Retrocecal
113
What is the falciform ligament?
Ligament that attaches liver to anterior wall which separates the right and left lobes of the liver. Embryological remnant of the embryological ventral mesentery.
114
What is the ligamentum teres?
Remnant of the umbilical vein of the foetus | Also known as round ligament of the liver
115
What are the paracolic gutters and their clinical significance?
Spaces between colon and abdominal walls found lateral to the large intestines on both sides, which can allow the passage of infectious fluids from different compartments of the abdomen
116
List 3 abdominal viscera which lie in the free edge of a mesentery
Intestines Liver Stomach
117
How many muscle types are found in the muscularis externa of the oesophagus?
2 types inner circular smooth muscle outer longitudinal smooth muscle
118
How many muscle types are found in the muscularis externa of the stomach?
3 types inner circular SM middle longitudinal SM outer circular SM
119
What kind of epithelium is found in the oesophagus?
Stratified squamous non-keratinised epithelium
120
What secretory cells are found in the gastric pits?
Parietal cells - secrete Hal Chief cells - pepsinogen Goblet cells - mucus Endocrine cells - gastrin
121
What are the large folds that can be seen extending into the lumen of the small intestines called?
Plicae circulares
122
Describe the epithelium of the small intestines
Simple columnar epithelium with villi
123
How far do glands extend into the walls of the small intestine?
extends into lamina propria but not beyond muscularis mucosa/interna
124
Where along the gut tube does the glands extend beyond the muscularis mucosae into the submucosa?
Oesophagus and duodenum
125
In what layer of the walls of the gut tube are Peyers patches found?
Submucosa Ileum and large intestines
126
What are the predominant cell types found in the surface epithelium of the colon?
Goblet cells | H20 absorbing cells
127
What type of epithelium is found in the colon?
Simple columnar
128
What type of epithelium is found in the rectoanal junction?
Stratified squamous
129
At what vertebral level is the transpyloric plane?
L1
130
How would you locate the transpyloric plane on a patient?
One hand below xiphoid process
131
What structures are present in the transpyloric plane?
``` Pylorus of stomach Tip of 9th costal cartilage 1st lumbar vertebrae Liver Colon Neck of pancreas ```
132
To which ribs is the spleen found alongside?
Ribs 9-11
133
How is the spleen peritonised?
Intraperitoneal except at hilum
134
What structures are found in the hilum of the spleen?
Splenic artery Splenic veins Splenic lymph nodes
135
What are the functions of the spleen?
Storage of RBCs, platelets and WBCs Creation of RBCs Phagocytosis
136
What vein is found posterior to the neck of the pancreas?
Portal vein
137
Into which part of the duodenum does the pancreatic duct open into?
2nd part (ampulla) - alongside where bile duct empties into duodenum
138
What connects the liver to the diaphragm?
Coronary ligament
139
What is the porta hepatis?
Hilum of liver which contains: Hepatic portal vein Hepatic artery Hepatic ducts
140
What fold of the omentum wraps around the structures of the porta hepatis?
Lesser omentum
141
Where is bile produced?
Liver
142
Where is bile stored?
Gallbladder
143
What is the function of bile?
Emulsification of fat
144
What anatomical space should be carefully avoided during surgery to remove the gallbladder?
Calots triangle - theoretical triangle between cystic duct, common hepatic duct and inferior surface of liver, contains cystic artery
145
Describe the main histological features of the pancreas
Islets of langerhans - clumps of poorly stained cells Pure serous acini composed of large strongly stained cells Small lobules surrounded by connective tissue septa
146
Describe the main histological features of the liver
Cells are arranged in sheets and converge towards central vein At the corner of these lobules there are portal triads
147
What imaging technique can be used to examine the calyces, pelvises and ureters of the kidneys?
IV pyelogram
148
What imaging can be used to examine the arteries of the abdomen, particularly around the kidneys?
Abdominal arteriogram
149
What nerve is secretomotor to the stomach?
Vagus nerve (CN X)
150
What lymph nodes drain the caecum?
Superior mesenteric lymph nodes

Anatomy for Systems (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions