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Endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

List the main endocrine organs

A 
Hypothalamus
Pituitary
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid glands
Suprarenal adrenal glands
Pancreas
Ovaries
Testes
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2
Q

Name the hollow in what bone of the skull the pituitary gland is found

A

Sella turcica of the sphenoid bone

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3
Q

How is the optic chiasm structuraly related to the pituitary gland?

A

Optic chiasm is found superiorly and slightly anterior to the pituitary gland

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4
Q

Which fibres cross over to the opposite side at the optic chiasm?

A

Nasal fibres

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5
Q

What visual field defect would be seen if the optic chiasm was compressed?

A

Bitemporal hemianopia

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6
Q

What are the other names for the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland?

A

Pars anterior

Adenohypopyhsis

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7
Q

What are the other names for the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland?

A

Pars nervosa

Neurohypophysis

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8
Q

What connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus?

A

Pituitary stalk

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9
Q

Which lobe of the pituitary gland is larger and more glandular?

A

Anterior pituitary

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10
Q

List the 3 types of cells in the anterior pituitary

A

Acidophilic
Basophilic
Chromophobic

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11
Q

What are the two classes of acidophil found in the anterior pituitary?

A

Somatotroph

Mammotroph

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12
Q

What are the three classes of basophil found in the anterior pituitary?

A

corticotroph
thyrotroph
gonadotroph

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13
Q

What is the secretory product and target organs of somatrotrophs?

A

Secrete somatotrophin (GH)

Targets liver and adipose primarily

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14
Q

What is the secretory product and target organs of mammotrophs?

A

Secretes prolactin

Targets breast tissue

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15
Q

What is the secretory product and target organs of corticotrophs?

A

Secretes ACTH and MSH

Targets adrenals and melanocytes of the skin

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16
Q

What is the secretory product and target organs of thyrotrophs?

A

Secretes TSH

Targets thyroid gland

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17
Q

What is the secretory product and target organs of gonadotrophs?

A

Secretes FSH and LH

Targets gonads

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18
Q

What does the posterior pituitary secrete?

A

ADH and oxytocin from the hypothalamus

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19
Q

Where does the arterial blood supply of the pituitary gland arise from?

A

Internal carotid artery

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20
Q

Describe the blood supply of the anterior pituitary

A

Superior hypophysial artery (branch of the ICA) enters the hypothalamus before breaking up into capillaries that make up the hypophysial portal system and supply the anterior pituitary

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21
Q

Describe the blood supply of the posterior pituitary

A

Inferior hypophysial artery from ICA supplies posterior pituitary

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22
Q

How does the hypothalamus communicate with the anterior pituitary?

A

Hypothalamic-hypophysial portel system

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23
Q

Describe the venous drainage of the pituitary gland

A

Hypophysial veins, which drain into the cavernous sinus

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24
Q

Between which vertebral layers is the thyroid gland found?

A

C5-T1

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25
Between which two cartilages is the thyroid gland found?
Cricoid cartilage and 6th tracheal ring
26
How is the thyroid anatomically positioned in relation to the trachea?
Thyroid gland is anterior to the trachea
27
How is the thyroid anatomically positioned in relation to the larynx?
Thyroid gland is inferior of the larynx
28
Opposite to what tracheal rings is the isthmus of the thyroid gland found?
2nd-4th tracheal rings
29
List 3 strap muscles that overlie the thyroid gland
Sternohyoid Sternothyroid Omohyoid (anterior belly)
30
Name 2 nerves that are found near the thyroid gland
Superior laryngeal nerve | Recurrent laryngeal nerve
31
How is the thyroid anatomically positioned in relation to the recurrent laryngeal nerve?
Runs between trachea and oesophagus, and is close to the inferior thyroid artery
32
How is the thyroid anatomically positioned in relation to the superior laryngeal nerve?
Superior laryngeal nerve is found close to the superior thyroid artery
33
From which artery does the superior thyroid artery arise form?
External carotid artery
34
From which artery does the inferior thyroid artery arise form?
Subclavian artery
35
Into which vein does the superior thyroid vein drain into?
Internal jugular vein
36
Into which vein does the middle thyroid vein drain into?
Internal jugular vein
37
Into which vein does the inferior thyroid vein drain into?
Brachiocephalic vein
38
What group of lymph nodes drains the thyroid gland lymph vessels?
Deep cervical group
39
What makes up a follicle in the thyroid gland?
Hormones are stored in cavities which are surrounded by secretory cells. These together make up a follicle
40
What is colloid?
Hormone bound to glycoprotein stored within follicles of the thyroid gland
41
What type of cells surround the follicles of the thyroid gland?
Secretory follicular cells Active secretion - epithelium more cuboidal Resting - more squamous epithelium
42
What colour does colloid stain with H&E staining?
Pink
43
What do the clear/parafillicular/C cells of the thyroid gland secrete?
Calcitonin
44
What hormones are secreted from the thyroid gland?
Triiodothyronine (T3) Thyroxine (T4) Calcitonin
45
Where are the parathyroid glands found on the thyroid gland?
Lie on the lateral half of the posterior surface of each thyroid lobe, external to the thyroid fibrous capsule
46
At what level are the superior parathyroid glands found?
Level of inferior border of the cricoid cartilage
47
At what level are the inferior parathyroid glands found?
Usually near inferior poles of the thyroid, though variable
48
Describe the arterial supply of the parathyroid glands
Predominantly from the inferior thyroid artery
49
Describe the venous drainage of the parathyroid glands
Via veins draining the thyroid (superior, middle and inferior thyroid veins) which drain into the internal jugular vein
50
What is secreted from the parathyroid glands and what is its main function?
Parathyroid hormone - bone remodelling; in response to decreasing plasma concentration of calcium it stimulates osteoclasts
51
What cells does parathyroid hormone act on?
Acts on osteoclasts to increase their activity to increase calcium release into the blood, while also suppressing calcium loss in urine by increasing reabsorption
52
How are the suprarenal glands peritonised?
Retroperitoneal
53
What are the two parts of the adrenal glands?
Outer cortex and inner medulla
54
What is the embryological origin of the cortex of the adrenal glands?
Mesodermal epithelium
55
What is the embryological origin of the medulla of the adrenal glands?
Neuroectoderm
56
Describe the arterial blood supply of the suprarenal glands
Receive arterial blood from the suprarenal arteries, which arise from the inferior phrenic arteries, the aorta and the renal arteries
57
What does the right suprarenal vein drain into?
Inferior vena cava
58
What does the left suprarenal vein drain into?
Left renal vein
59
What are the 3 distinct zones of the cortex of the adrenal glands and what do they each produce?
Outer zona glomerulus (thin) - mineralocorticoids Middle zona fasciculata (thick) - glucocorticoids Inner zona reticularis - androgens
60
How is the pancreas peritonised?
Retroperitoneal
61
How can you differentiate between the endocrine portions of the pancreas from the exocrine portions?
Endocrine portion stains lighter
62
What cells are found within the islets of langerhans and what do they secrete?
Alpha cells - glucagon Beta cells - insulin Delta cells - somatostatin F cells - pancreatic polypeptide
63
What are the islets of langerhans?
The endocrine parts of the pancreas
64
What arteries are found on the posterior side of the pancreas?
Splenic artery | Superior mesenteric artery

Anatomy for Systems (8 decks)

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