Bones, Joints, Muscles, Nerves, Back and Lymphatics Flashcards
1
Q
Define ipsilateral
A
On the same side of the body or structure
2
Q
Define contralateral
A
On opposite side of the body to structure
3
Q
What does the sagittal plane separate?
A
Left and right
4
Q
What does the coronal plane separate?
A
Anterior and posterior
5
Q
What does the transverse plane separate?
A
Superior and inferior
6
Q
What cavities make up the dorsal cavity?
A
Cranial and spinal cavity
7
Q
What cavities make up the ventral cavity?
A
Thoracic, abdominal and pelvic cavity
8
Q
What side is the spleen on?
A
Left
9
Q
Are the kidneys anterior or posterior to the liver?
A
Posterior
10
Q
What vertebral level is the sternal angle?
A
T4
11
Q
What vertebral level is the xiphoid process?
A
T9
12
Q
What makes up the “elbow”?
A
Olecranon process of ulna
13
Q
What vertebral level is the anterior superior iliac spine?
A
L4
14
Q
What dermatome is the nipples in?
A
T4
15
Q
What dermatome is the umbilicus in?
A
T10
16
Q
Which embryonic germ layer gives rise to bone, cartilage and skeletal muscle?
A
Mesoderm
17
Q
Which embryonic germ layer gives rise to nerve tissue?
A
Ectoderm
18
Q
Which embryonic germ layers gives rise to skin?
A
Ectoderm (epidermis) and mesoderm (dermis)
19
Q
Which embryonic germ layers gives rise to smooth muscle?
A
Ectoderm and mesoderm
20
Q
What makes hyaline cartilage?
A
Chondrocytes
21
Q
In what type of tissue do you see Haversian canals and Volkmanns canals?
A
Compact bone
22
Q
Where is hyaline cartilage found?
A
Epiphyseal growth plate
Joint surfaces - primary cartilaginous joints on long bones
23
Q
What is the axial skeleton?
A
Bones of the long axis of the body e.g. head, neck, thorax etc
24
Q
What is the appendicular skeleton?
A
Bones that are appended to the axial skeleton, of the limbs e.g. upper limb girdle, upper limb, lower limb girdle and lower limb
25
What 3 bones make up the lower limb girdle?
Ilium
Iscium
Pubis
26
What 2 bones make up the upper limb girdle?
Clavicle
| Scapula
27
What is the function of the compact bone?
Strength for weight bearing, support
28
What is the function of the trabecular bone?
Flexibility, mechanical stress
29
What is the function of the bone marrow cavity?
Haematopoeisis and fat storage
30
What is the periosteum and its function?
Periosteum is the outer covering of the bones, necessary for bone health and development (site of appositional growth). Also allows the attachment of muscles and provides pathway for blood and lymphatic vessels
31
Where is the metaphysis found?
Narrow section between the epiphysis (end of bone) and the diaphysis (middle section of bone)
32
What is appositional growth?
Increase in bone width, addition of new bone tissue from the periosteum
33
What is interstitial growth?
Increase in bone length, cell division in growth plate/epiphyseal plate
34
What is the function of a sesamoid bone?
Develop in tendons and protect them from excessive wear e.g. patella
35
What is a condyle?
Rounded articular area
36
What are the functions of a epicondyle?
Eminence superior to condyles, act as a site of attachment for muscles over a joint
37
What structures are responsible for bone movement?
Muscle tendons
38
What structures are responsible for joint stability?
Ligaments
39
Whats a tubercle?
Small raised eminence
40
What is a tuberosity, and what structures attach to these?
Large rough prominence, site of attachment of muscles
41
What is a facet?
Smooth flat area, usually covered with cartilage, where a bone articulates with another bone
42
What is a process?
Projecting spine-like part of a bone
43
What is a spine?
Thorn like process
44
What type of joint occurs at facets e.g. on vertebrae?
Synovial plane joints
45
What is formed by intramembranous ossification?
Flat bones e.g. skull, ribs clavicle, mandible
46
What is formed by endochondral ossification?
Forms most bones in body, especially long bones e.g. fibula
47
What type of joint is found in the costochondral joint?
Primary cartilaginous joint
48
What type of joint is between the intervertebral discs?
Secondary cartilaginous joint/symphisis
49
What type of joints are the shoulder and hip joints?
Synovial ball and socket joint
50
What type of joints are the elbow and the knee?
Synovial hinge
51
What types of joints are the superior and inferior radioulnar joints (NOT syndesmosis in between)?
Synovial pivot
52
What type of joint is the atlanto-axial joint?
Synovial pivot
53
What type of joint is acromioclavicular joint?
Synovial plane
54
What type of joint is the carpometacarpal joints (between trapezium and first metacarpal)?
Synovial saddle
55
What type of joint is the metacarpophalangeal joints (between metacarpal and proximal phalanx)?
Synovial condyloid
56
Name the 3 types of fibrous joint
Suture
Gomphosis
Syndesmosis
57
In what plane of the body are secondary cartilaginous/symphysis joints usually found?
Medial
58
How do primary and secondary cartilaginous joints differ in structure?
Primary - bone, hyaline cartilage, bone
Secondary - bone, hyaline cartilage, fibrous cartilage, hyaline cartilage, bone
59
Describe pronation and supination of the arm
Pronation - rotate arm so back of hand faces forward
Supination - rotate arm so palm of hands face towards
60
In what type of imaging does bone appear white?
CT
61
What is the difference between anatomical variation and anatomical anomaly?
Variation - differences not regarded as disease, just interindividual variation
Anomoly - structural abnormality or marked deviation
62
Describe some anatomical variation between female and male pelvises
females - wider pelvic outlet, tilted back sacrum, thinner and lighter, ilia spread wider, larger subpubic angle (>90)
males - smaller pelvic outlet, sacrum tilted forward, thicker and heavier, ilia closer together, smaller supbubic angle (<90)
63
Describe some anatomical variation between female and male skulls
Males - more prominent brow ridge, larger mastoid process
Females - smoother more vertical frontal bone, small mastoid process
64
What type of tissue is found in muscle tendons?
Dense regular connective tissue
65
What dermatome is the inguinal region in?
L1
66
Describe tissue found in tendons
Fibrous fleshy dense regular connective tissue
67
What is the origin of a muscle?
The proximal/medial/superior attachment
68
What is the insertion of a muscle?
The distal/inferior/lateral attachment of a muscle
69
How do tendons attach to bones?
Fibres are embedded into periosteum of bone to anchor then on and spread the force of contraction
70
What are the flat white sheets of tendon found over the abdominal oblique muscles called?
Aponeurosis
71
What type of joint is found between radius and ulna?
Synovial pivot
72
What action does the middle fibres (II, III and IV) of the deltoid have?
Abduction
73
What action does the posterior fibres have on the deltoid?
Extension
74
What is an agonist muscle?
Muscles that cause a movement through their contraction
75
What is an antagonist muscle?
Muscles that appose a movement to control the motion
76
What are synergist muscles?
Muscles that work together or help perform/stabilise a certain movement
77
What are fixator/stabilising muscles?
Act by stabilising joint and preventing dislocation
78
What nerves make up the brachial plexus?
C5-T1
79
What nerves make up the lumbrosacral plexus?
L1-S4
80
Describe the normal components of sphincters
Mostly composed of involuntary rings of smooth muscle internally and a ring of voluntary skeletal muscle externally
81
Define a motor unit
Made up of a motor neuron and muscle fibres innervated by that motor neurone axonal terminal
82
What type of muscle has cigar shaped nuclei?
Smooth muscle
83
What does the ventral root contain?
Carries motor efferent fibres only
84
What does the dorsal root carry?
Carries sensory afferent fibres only
85
What does the ventral rami carry?
Carries both motor and sensory fibres for the anterior part of the body and the limbs
86
What does the dorsal rami carry?
Carries both motor and sensory fibres for the posterior of the body (not including limbs) t
87
What type of information is relayed to the anterior horn of the spinal cord?
Motor information
88
What type of information is relayed to the posterior horn of the spinal cord?
Sensory information
89
Define a dermatome
Unilateral area of skin innervated by the general sensory fibres of a single spinal nerve
90
What nerve has a dermatome covering the upper neck and ear?
C3
91
What nerve has a dermatome covering the neck?
C4
92
What nerve in the brachial plexus has a dermatome covering the thumb?
C6
93
What dermatome is the sternal angle in?
T2
94
What dermatome is the nipples in?
T4
95
What dermatome is the umbilicus in?
T10
96
What dermatome is the inguinal region?
L1
97
What dermatome is the diploid process in?
T6
98
Describe the structure of a nerve bundle?
Each individual nerve fibres/axon is surrounded by a endoneurlium and a myelin sheath. A collection of endoneuriums make up a nerve fascicle, which are surrounded by a perineurium. A collection of these are surrounded by a epineurium
99
What type of muscle makes up the diaphragm?
Skeletal
100
Where do spinal nerves exit the spinal cord?
Intervertebral foramen
101
What contains the spinal cord in the vertebral column?
Vertebral foramen
102
What joint is found between the articular facets of subjacent vertebrae?
Synovial plane
103
What type of joint is found between the skull and the atlas (C1)?
Synovial ellipsoid
104
Describe the vertebrae in the vertebral column
```
Cervical - 7
Thoracic - 12
Lumbar - 5
Sacral - 5
Coccygeal - 4
```
105
What specific name is given to C7?
Vertebra prominens
106
Describe how you can distinguish between cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae
Cervical - small wide body, small spinous processes, large triangular vertebral foramen, presence of transverse foramen
Thoracic - heart shaped body, circular vertebral foramen, long spinous processes
Lumbar - kidney shaped body, flattened triangular vertebral foramen, long slender transverse processes, short stumpy spinous processes
107
What 2 components make up the body of a vertebrae?
Annulus fibrosus rings externally
| Nucleus pulposus internally
108
In what direction would the nucleus pulposus of a vertebrae have to herniate to compress an emerging spinal nerve?
Posterolaterally - often here as the annulus fibrosus is thinner and not supported by ligaments
109
What are the 5 ligaments of the vertebral column?
```
Ligamentum flavum
Anterior longitudinal ligament
Posterior longitudinal ligament
Supraspinous ligament
Interspinous ligament
```
110
What does the ligamentum flavum connect?
Connects the laminae of adjacent vertebrae
111
What does the anterior longitudinal ligament connect?
Connects the anterior of the bodies of vertebrae
112
What does the posterior longitudinal ligament connect?
Connects the posterior of the bodies of vertebrae
113
What does the supraspinous ligament connect?
Connects the tips of the spinous processes of adjacent vertebrae
114
What does the interspinous ligament connect?
Connects the gaps between adjoining spinous processes
115
What is kyphoses and where is it found in the body?
Concave anteriorly (curves towards back)
Thoracic and sacral
116
What is lordoses and where is it found in the body?
Concave posteriorly (curves towards front)
Cervical and lumbar
117
When does the cervical curvature become apparent?
When baby learns to lift their head
118
When does the lumbar curvature develop?
When infant begins to walk upright
119
What curvatures of the vertebral column are secondary curvatures?
Lordoses - cervical and lumbar
120
What plane are the articular facets on the cervical vertebrae?
Horizontal/transverse
121
What plane are the articular facets on the thoracic vertebrae?
Coronal
122
What plane are the articular facets on the lumbar vertebrae?
Saggital (vertical)
123
What is the vertebral level of the spine of the scapula?
T3
124
What is the vertebral level of the inferior angle of the scapula?
T7
125
What is the vertebral level of the summit of the iliac crest?
L4
126
Where are lumbar punctures performed?
L3-L4 (below conus medullas and in cauda equina)
127
What side of the body is the stomach and spleen?
Left
128
Whats another name for the synovial facet joints found between vertebrae?
Also known as zygapophyseal or apopphyseal joint, is a synovial joint between the superior articular process of one vertebra and the inferior articular process of the vertebra directly above it.
129
At what vertebral level does the spinal cord end?
L1/L2 (L3 in children)
130
What is a sentinel lymph node?
Hypothetical first lymph node draining a cancer
131
Where is the thoracic duct found?
Between the azygos vein and the thoracic aorta on the vertebral bodies on the right side of the posterior thoracic wall, until it crosses over to the left side above T4
132
Where is the cisterna chyli?
Cisterna chyli is located posterior to the abdominal aorta on the anterior aspect of the bodies of the first and second lumbar vertebrae (L1 and L2)
133
Where does the thoracic duct drain into?
Left subclavian vein
134
Which spinal nerves form the cauda equina and from which spina cord structure do they emerge?
L2--5, S1-5 and Co
Emerge from conus medullaris
135
How does the spinal cord terminate?
Terminates as the filum terminale, fibrous extension attached to coccyx and acts by giving longitudinal support to the spinal cord
136
What is the filum terminale made of?
Pia matter
137
What nerve cell component makes up the grey matter?
Cell bodies of axons
138
What nerve cell component makes up the white matter?
Myelin of axon dendrites
139
What are the 3 meninges?
Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater
140
What is the primary function of the meninges?
Protect and cushion the CNS
141
What are the denticulate ligaments?
The pia mater of the spinal cord has a pair of denticulate ligaments (one on each side of the spinal cord) with 21 attachments per side which attach it to the arachnoid and dura mater. Named for their tooth-like appearance, the denticulate ligaments are traditionally believed to provide stability for the spinal cord against motion within the vertebral column
142
To what vertebral level does the dura mater descend?
S2
143
To what vertebral level does the arachnoid mater descend?
S2
144
Between which 2 meninges is the subarachnoid layer?
Between the arachnoid and pia mater
145
Where is the epidural space?
Between the spinal dura and the periosteum covering the vertebral bones
146
Between which 2 meninges is the subdural space?
Between the Dura and arachnoid mater
147
Where is the vertebral venous plexus found?
In the fatty tissue between the dura mater and the vertebrae (epidural space)
148
What clinical importance is relevant to the veins in the vertebral plexus?
No valves, can allow a route of metastasis for cancer
149
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
31 pairs
150
Give some differences between somatic and autonomic signalling
Somatic - emerges from ventral horn, innervates somatic skeletal muscle, 1 synapse
Autonomic - emerges from lateral horn, innervates voluntary smooth muscle, 2 synapses
151
Describe sympathetic outflow
T1-L2/3
Short pre-ganglionic fibre, long post-ganglionic fibres
152
Describe parasympathetic outflow
Cranial nerves III, VII, IX and X
S2-4
Long pre-ganglionic fibre, short post-ganglionic fibre
153
Describe the exit of sympathetic outflow from lateral horn to the ventral and dorsal rami
Sympathetic fibres exit lateral horn as pre-ganglionic neutrons into ventral root of vertebrae and enter the white ramus communicans. Once the synapse at the sympathetic ganglion, they enter the grey ramus communicans and enter either the ventral or dorsal rami
154
Between which spinal levels does the sympathetic chain extend?
C1-coccyx
155
How many thoracic splanchnic nerves branch off the sympathetic chain?
3, branch off anteromedially from thoracic sympathetic chain to transverse the diaphragm and enter the abdomen
156
What fibres make up the pelvic splanchnic nerves?
Parasympathetic S2-4
157
What muscle is responsible for the extension of the vertebral column?
Erector spinae
158
How many spinal nerves and spinal vertebrae are there?
```
Cervical - 8 nerves, 7 vertebrae
Thoracic - 12 nerves, 12 vertebrae
Lumbar - 5 nerves, 5 vertebrae
Sacral - 5 nerves, 5 vertebrae (fused)
Coccygeal - 1 nerve, 4 vertebrae (fused)
```
