Head and neck

Question 1

How many cranial bones are there

Answer 1

8

Question 2

How many facial bones are there

Answer 2

14

Question 3

Name the cranial bones

Answer 3

• ethmoid
• frontal
• occipital
• parietal
• sphenoid
• temporal

Question 4

Name the three fontanelles in the skull and describe their location

Answer 4

Coronal - front of skull
Sagittal - middle
Lambdoid - back of skull

Question 5

What is the purpose of fontanelles in the skull

Answer 5

Fontanelles are not solid bone, they are cartilage and they can overlap during the birthing process, they shut over after about a year to a year and a half

Question 6

What is the cranial base made up of

Answer 6

Ethmoid bone
Frontal bone
Occipital bone
Sphenoid bone
Temporal bone

Question 7

What is the cranial base

Answer 7

The bottom of the skull, the brain sits on top of this base

Question 8

What bone lies in the front-middle of the skull and is a butterfly shape

Answer 8

Sphenoid bone

Question 9

What is the foramen magnum

Answer 9

A hole in the skull that sits in the middle of the cranial bones

Functions as a passage of the CNS through the skull connecting the brain with the spinal cord

Question 10

Describe the facial bones that sit in the middle of the face

Answer 10

Maxilla - directly in the middle of the face / top jaw
Zygoma - on the outside of the maxilla

Question 11

Why is the sphenoid bone placed quite far back in the skull

Answer 11

So that it allows for better peripheral vision

Question 12

What is the weakest part of the skull

Answer 12

The Pterion

Question 13

What is the relevance of the squamous part of the temporal bone

Answer 13

This is the weakest part of the skull and can be very sensitive, if an artery is damaged here it is very serious

Question 14

What is the cranial vault

Answer 14

The top of the skull
Includes the frontal bone, occipital bone, parietal bone, squamous part of temporal bone

Question 15

What is the thinnest bone in the body

Answer 15

The lacrimal bone in the thinnest bone in the body, any trauma around here is very serious

Sits beside the eye

Question 16

What is the intraorbital foramen

Answer 16

A small hole in the skull at the bottom of the eye, contains some sensory nerves

Question 17

What is contained within the Cribiform plate

Answer 17

This is the portion of the ethmoid bone that forms the roof of the nasal cavity, it contains cranial nerve number one, olfactory nerve

Question 18

What blood vessels supply the head and neck

Answer 18

The arch of aorta
Common carotid artery (includes the internal carotid artery and the external carotid artery)

Question 19

What vein drains the head and neck

Answer 19

The internal jugular vein

This vein collects blood from the brain, superficial regions of the face and neck and delivers it to the right atrium

Question 20

What does the ascending pharyngeal artery supply

Answer 20

Supplies the pharynx

Question 21

What does the superior thyroid artery supply

Answer 21

Supplies the thyroid

Question 22

What does the lingual artery supply

Answer 22

Supplies the blood underneath the tongue

Question 23

What does the facial artery supply

Answer 23

The face

Question 24

What does the occipital artery supply

Answer 24

Supplies the back of the head

Question 25

What does the superior temporal artery supply

Answer 25

The superficial temporal artery (STA) is one of the terminal branches of the external carotid artery (ECA), and it together with other branches of the ECA, supplies the face and scalp

Question 26

What does the maximally artery supply

Answer 26

The maxillary artery supplies deep structures of the face including the mandible, pterygoid, infratemporal fossa and segments of the pterygopalatine fossa.

Question 27

What structures are found in the parotid gland

Answer 27

- facial nerve - retromandibular vein - maxillary vein - external carotid artery

Question 28

Describe the venous drainage of the face

Answer 28

Mirrors the arterial supply Interjugular vein drains the cerebrum the inside of the skull and most of the external structures on the head and neck

Question 29

What is the venous sinus in the skull

Answer 29

A blood vessel that contains endothelium and is in the folds of the dura

Question 30

What does the dura venous sinus drain

Answer 30

The brain

Question 31

What is the cavernous sinus

Answer 31

The danger triangle in the skull, infection from the nose can potentially pass into the veins and cause thrombosis

Question 32

What cranial nerves supply the face

Answer 32

Cranial nerves V, VII, IX, XII

Question 33

What are the three branches of the trigeminal nerve

Answer 33

Ophthalmic, maxillary, Mandibular

Question 34

What is the ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve

Answer 34

Sensory branch, contains the frontal nerve which contains the supratrochlear nerve and the supra orbital nerve Also contains the lacrimal and nasociliary nerves

Question 35

What is the maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve

Answer 35

Sensory, contains zygomatic nerve/intraorbital nerve/ anterior, middle and superior alveolar nerves

Question 36

Describe the Mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve

Answer 36

It is a mixed nerve, sensory and motor functions, motor to muscles of mastication and sensory to the auriculotemporal nerve, lingual nerve, buccal nerve inferior alveolar nerve

Question 37

Why has incidence of temporomandibular joint dysfunction increased

Answer 37

Due to more people clenching there teeth due to an increase in stress

Question 38

What is the function of the lateral pterygoid muscle

Answer 38

The only muscle that opens the mouth

Question 39

What is the disc called in the TMJ

Answer 39

Articular disc

Question 40

What structure prevents dislocation of the temporomandibular joint

Answer 40

Articular eminence

Question 41

What does the temporomandibular joint consist of

Answer 41

Consists of articulations between 3 surfaces, the mandibular fossa and Articular tubercle (from the squamous part of the temporal bone) and the head of the mandible

Question 42

What is the unique mechanism of the TMJ

Answer 42

The Articular surfaces of the bones never come into contact with each other, they are separated by an Articular disc

Question 43

What covers the Articular surface of the bones in the TMJ

Answer 43

Fibrocartilige

Question 44

What does the presence of the disc split the TMJ into

Answer 44

Two synovial joint cavities each lined with a synovial membrane

Question 45

What are the 3 extracapsular ligaments that stabilise the TMJ

Answer 45

Lateral ligament, sphenomandibular ligament, stylomandibular ligament

Question 46

What is the function of the stylomandibular ligament

Answer 46

A thickening of the fascia of the parotid gland, along with the facial muscles it supports the weight of the jaw

Question 47

What does the upper part of the TMJ allow for

Answer 47

Allows for protrusion and retraction of the mandible, the anterior and posterior movements of the jaw

Question 48

What is the lower part of the TMJ responsible for

Answer 48

Elevation and depression, the lower part of the joint permits elevation and depression of the mandible Elevation is a very strong movement caused by the contraction of the facial muscles

Question 49

Describe the arterial supply of the TMJ

Answer 49

The arterial supply is provided by branches of the external carotid, principally the superficial temporal branch

Question 50

What nerves innervate the temporal mandibular joint

Answer 50

The auriculotemporal and masseteric branches of the mandibular nerve

Question 51

What would happen in the case of a TMJ dislocation

Answer 51

The patient would not be able to close their mouth

Question 52

What is the role of the medial pterygoid muscle

Answer 52

Arises from the medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate and inserts into the medial surface of the angle of the mandible and ramus, elevates and protrudes the mandible

Question 53

What is the role of the lateral pterygoid

Answer 53

Depresses and protrudes the mandible