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Anatomy > Head and neck > Flashcards

Head and neck Flashcards

1
Q

How many cranial bones are there

A

8

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2
Q

How many facial bones are there

A

14

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3
Q

Name the cranial bones

A
  • ethmoid
  • frontal
  • occipital
  • parietal
  • sphenoid
  • temporal
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4
Q

Name the three fontanelles in the skull and describe their location

A

Coronal - front of skull
Sagittal - middle
Lambdoid - back of skull

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5
Q

What is the purpose of fontanelles in the skull

A

Fontanelles are not solid bone, they are cartilage and they can overlap during the birthing process, they shut over after about a year to a year and a half

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6
Q

What is the cranial base made up of

A

Ethmoid bone
Frontal bone
Occipital bone
Sphenoid bone
Temporal bone

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7
Q

What is the cranial base

A

The bottom of the skull, the brain sits on top of this base

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8
Q

What bone lies in the front-middle of the skull and is a butterfly shape

A

Sphenoid bone

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9
Q

What is the foramen magnum

A

A hole in the skull that sits in the middle of the cranial bones

Functions as a passage of the CNS through the skull connecting the brain with the spinal cord

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10
Q

Describe the facial bones that sit in the middle of the face

A

Maxilla - directly in the middle of the face / top jaw
Zygoma - on the outside of the maxilla

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11
Q

Why is the sphenoid bone placed quite far back in the skull

A

So that it allows for better peripheral vision

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12
Q

What is the weakest part of the skull

A

The Pterion

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13
Q

What is the relevance of the squamous part of the temporal bone

A

This is the weakest part of the skull and can be very sensitive, if an artery is damaged here it is very serious

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14
Q

What is the cranial vault

A

The top of the skull
Includes the frontal bone, occipital bone, parietal bone, squamous part of temporal bone

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15
Q

What is the thinnest bone in the body

A

The lacrimal bone in the thinnest bone in the body, any trauma around here is very serious

Sits beside the eye

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16
Q

What is the intraorbital foramen

A

A small hole in the skull at the bottom of the eye, contains some sensory nerves

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17
Q

What is contained within the Cribiform plate

A

This is the portion of the ethmoid bone that forms the roof of the nasal cavity, it contains cranial nerve number one, olfactory nerve

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18
Q

What blood vessels supply the head and neck

A

The arch of aorta
Common carotid artery (includes the internal carotid artery and the external carotid artery)

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19
Q

What vein drains the head and neck

A

The internal jugular vein

This vein collects blood from the brain, superficial regions of the face and neck and delivers it to the right atrium

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20
Q

What does the ascending pharyngeal artery supply

A

Supplies the pharynx

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21
Q

What does the superior thyroid artery supply

A

Supplies the thyroid

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22
Q

What does the lingual artery supply

A

Supplies the blood underneath the tongue

23
Q

What does the facial artery supply

A

The face

24
Q

What does the occipital artery supply

A

Supplies the back of the head

25
Q

What does the superior temporal artery supply

A

The superficial temporal artery (STA) is one of the terminal branches of the external carotid artery (ECA), and it together with other branches of the ECA, supplies the face and scalp

26
Q

What does the maximally artery supply

A

The maxillary artery supplies deep structures of the face including the mandible, pterygoid, infratemporal fossa and segments of the pterygopalatine fossa.

27
Q

What structures are found in the parotid gland

A
  • facial nerve
  • retromandibular vein
  • maxillary vein
  • external carotid artery
28
Q

Describe the venous drainage of the face

A

Mirrors the arterial supply
Interjugular vein drains the cerebrum the inside of the skull and most of the external structures on the head and neck

29
Q

What is the venous sinus in the skull

A

A blood vessel that contains endothelium and is in the folds of the dura

30
Q

What does the dura venous sinus drain

A

The brain

31
Q

What is the cavernous sinus

A

The danger triangle in the skull, infection from the nose can potentially pass into the veins and cause thrombosis

32
Q

What cranial nerves supply the face

A

Cranial nerves V, VII, IX, XII

33
Q

What are the three branches of the trigeminal nerve

A

Ophthalmic, maxillary, Mandibular

34
Q

What is the ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve

A

Sensory branch, contains the frontal nerve which contains the supratrochlear nerve and the supra orbital nerve

Also contains the lacrimal and nasociliary nerves

35
Q

What is the maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve

A

Sensory, contains zygomatic nerve/intraorbital nerve/ anterior, middle and superior alveolar nerves

36
Q

Describe the Mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve

A

It is a mixed nerve, sensory and motor functions, motor to muscles of mastication and sensory to the auriculotemporal nerve, lingual nerve, buccal nerve inferior alveolar nerve

37
Q

Why has incidence of temporomandibular joint dysfunction increased

A

Due to more people clenching there teeth due to an increase in stress

38
Q

What is the function of the lateral pterygoid muscle

A

The only muscle that opens the mouth

39
Q

What is the disc called in the TMJ

A

Articular disc

40
Q

What structure prevents dislocation of the temporomandibular joint

A

Articular eminence

41
Q

What does the temporomandibular joint consist of

A

Consists of articulations between 3 surfaces, the mandibular fossa and Articular tubercle (from the squamous part of the temporal bone) and the head of the mandible

42
Q

What is the unique mechanism of the TMJ

A

The Articular surfaces of the bones never come into contact with each other, they are separated by an Articular disc

43
Q

What covers the Articular surface of the bones in the TMJ

A

Fibrocartilige

44
Q

What does the presence of the disc split the TMJ into

A

Two synovial joint cavities each lined with a synovial membrane

45
Q

What are the 3 extracapsular ligaments that stabilise the TMJ

A

Lateral ligament, sphenomandibular ligament, stylomandibular ligament

46
Q

What is the function of the stylomandibular ligament

A

A thickening of the fascia of the parotid gland, along with the facial muscles it supports the weight of the jaw

47
Q

What does the upper part of the TMJ allow for

A

Allows for protrusion and retraction of the mandible, the anterior and posterior movements of the jaw

48
Q

What is the lower part of the TMJ responsible for

A

Elevation and depression, the lower part of the joint permits elevation and depression of the mandible

Elevation is a very strong movement caused by the contraction of the facial muscles

49
Q

Describe the arterial supply of the TMJ

A

The arterial supply is provided by branches of the external carotid, principally the superficial temporal branch

50
Q

What nerves innervate the temporal mandibular joint

A

The auriculotemporal and masseteric branches of the mandibular nerve

51
Q

What would happen in the case of a TMJ dislocation

A

The patient would not be able to close their mouth

52
Q

What is the role of the medial pterygoid muscle

A

Arises from the medial surface of the lateral pterygoid plate and inserts into the medial surface of the angle of the mandible and ramus, elevates and protrudes the mandible

53
Q

What is the role of the lateral pterygoid

A

Depresses and protrudes the mandible

Anatomy (13 decks)

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