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Head and Neck > Head Anatomy > Flashcards

Head Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

List the three parts of the skull

A

Neuro-cranium
Facial skull
Mandible

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2
Q

List the bones that make up the cranium

A 
Frontal
Parietal (x2)
Occipital
Temporal (x2)
Sphenoid
Ethmoid
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3
Q

Describe the structure of skull bone

A

Inner and outer cortex layer (compact bone) with diploe in between (spongy/trabeculous bone)

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4
Q

Where is red marrow housed?

A

In the diploe (spongy bone) between the two cortex layers of the skull bone

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5
Q

List three sutures of the skull

A

Sagittal
Coronal
Lambdoid

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6
Q

Name the five layers of the scalp

A 
Skin
Connective tissue (dense)
Aponeurosis of the occipitofrontal muscle
Loose areolar connective tissue
Periosteum
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7
Q

Which two bones form the zygomatic arch?

A

Zygomatic bone anteriorly

Temporal bone posteriorly

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8
Q

Which nerves form the brachial plexus?

A

Ventral rami of C5 - T1

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9
Q

Why does the scalp bleed profusely?

A

The blood vessels lie in the layer of dense connective tissue which prevents vasoconstriction

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10
Q

From where does the facial nerve emerge onto the side of the face?

A

Stylomastoid foramen

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11
Q

Where does the parotid duct open into the oral cavity? Which muscle does it pierce to get there?

A

Upper second molar

Buccinator muscle

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12
Q

What are the three branches of the Trigeminal nerve? Where do they synapse?

A

Opthalmic nerve (V1)
Maxillary (V2)
Mandibular (V3)
Synapse in the trigeminal ganglion

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13
Q

Describe the function of the Trigeminal nerve (Cr V)

A

Sensory innervation of the skin, mucous membranes and sinuses of the face.
Motor innervation (mandibular branch only) of muscles of mastication
Innervation is parasympathetic

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14
Q

What are the muscles of mastication? What is their function?

A

Medial pterygoid, Lateral pterygoid, Masseter and Temporalis

Movement of the jaw

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15
Q

List the muscles that are associated with facial expression

A

Orbicularis oculi - surrounds the eye
Orbicularis oris - surrounds the mouth
Corrugator supercili - draws eyebrows together
Buccinator - prevents cheeks being chewed

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16
Q

Describe the role of the facial nerve

A

Gives motor innervation to the facial muscles

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17
Q

Describe the role of the trigeminal nerve

A

Gives sensory innervation to the face

Responsible for some motor functions such as biting and chewing

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18
Q

On which bone are the mastoid and styloid processes? What are their functions?

A

Temporal bone

Points of attachment for muscles

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19
Q

What is the nasion?

A

the intersection of the frontal and nasal bones

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20
Q

What is the glabella?

A

the smooth area between the superciliary arches

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21
Q

What is the supra-orbital notch?

A

a small notch in the supra-orbital margin

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22
Q

What is the infra-orbital foramen?

A

a small hole in the maxilla, inferior to each orbit

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23
Q

What forms the zygomatic arch?

A

the temporal process of the zygomatic bone and the zygomatic process of the temporal bone

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24
Q

Where are the mental foramen?

A

inferior to the second premolar teeth

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25
Q

What are the mental tubercles?

A

lateral parts of the mental protuberance

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26
Q

What is the mental protuberance?

A

triangular elevation of bone inferior to the mandibular symphysis

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27
Q

What is the mandibular ramus?

A

the vertical part of the mandible

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28
Q

What is transmitted through the stylomastoid foramen?

A

the facial nerve

29
Q

What is the calvaria and which bones is it made up of?

A

The skull cap

Made up of the frontal bone, left and right parietal bones and the occipital bone

30
Q

What is the external occipital protuberance?

A

a palpable elevation of the occipital bone in the midline of the occupit (back of the skull)

31
Q

List four parts of the transverse process on cervical vertebrae

A

Posterior tubercle
Groove for spinal nerve
Anterior tubercle
Transverse foramen

32
Q

What is transmitted in the transverse foramen of cervical vertebrae?

A

Vertebral artery
Vertebral vein
Sympathetic nerves

33
Q

Describe the extent of the scalp

A

Extends from the superior nuchal lines on the occipital bone to the supra-orbital margins of the frontal bone.
Laterally the scalp extends from the left zygomatic arch to the right zygomatic arch.

34
Q

Describe the function of the loose areolar layer of the scalp

A

Separates the pericranium from the epicranial aponeurosis, allowing free movement of the scalp proper
Spongy structure of the tissue means that potential spaces can distend with fluid as a result of injury or infection

35
Q

Which nerve gives motor function to the muscles of the scalp?

A

Extracranial branches of the facial nerve

36
Q

Which nerves give sensory innervation to the back of the scalp?

A

Spinal nerves C2-C3

37
Q

Name the main facial bones

A 
Nasal bone
Maxilla
Mandible
Zygomatic bone
Lacrimal bone
38
Q

Which arteries of the scalp are branches of the internal carotid artery?

A

Supra-orbital artery

Supra-trochlear artery

39
Q

Which arteries of the scalp are branches of the external carotid artery?

A

Occipital artery
Posterior auricular artery
Superficial temporal artery

40
Q

Which artery supplies the parotid gland and duct?

A

Transverse facial artery

41
Q

Which bone does the facial artery curve around?

A

Mandible

42
Q

Which arteries supply the lips?

A

Superior and inferior labial arteries

43
Q

Which artery is the terminal branch of the facial artery?

A

Angular artery

44
Q

Name the main muscles of facial expression

A 
Occipitofrontalis
Orbicularis oculi
Orbicularis oris
Buccinator
Platysma
45
Q

What are the facial muscles attached to?

A

Subcutaneous tissue

Bone

46
Q

The facial muscle is associated with derivatives of which pharyngeal arch?

A

the second pharyngeal arch

47
Q

What types of nerve fibres does the facial nerve contain?

A

Motor
Special sensory
Parasympathetic

48
Q

Which muscles are supplied by the facial nerve?

A

All muscles of facial expression
Posterior belly of the digastric muscle
Stylohyoid muscle
Stapedius muscle

49
Q

What is supplied by sensory fibres of the facial nerve? Which branch of the facial nerve supplies this?

A

Taste sensation in the anterior two thirds of the tongue; special sensory innervation only
Chorda tympani

50
Q

Which glands are innervated by the parasympathetic fibres of the facial nerve?
Which branches of the facial nerve carry the parasympathetic fibres to the glands?

A

Submandibular and sublingual salivary glands - chorda tympani

Nasal, Palatine, Lacrimal, Pharyngeal glands - greater petrosal nerve

51
Q

Where does the facial nerve exit the cranium?

A

Stylomastoid foramen

52
Q

Name the five terminal branches of the facial nerve

A 
Temporal
Zygomatic
Buccal
Mandibular
Cervical
53
Q

Name the fascial layers of the neck

A 
Superficial cervical fascia
Deep cervical fascia
  - Investing layer
  - Pretrachial layer
  - Prevertebral layer
  - (Carotid sheaths)
54
Q

In which fascial layer is the external jugular vein?

A

Superficial fascia

55
Q

What are the two parts of the pretrachial fascia layer? What structures do they enclose?

A

Visceral part - thyroid gland, oesphagus, trachea

Muscular part - infrahyoid muscles

56
Q

What is the Pterion?

A

a region on the lateral side of the skill where the frontal, parietal, temporal and sphenoid bones meet

57
Q

What is the clinical significance of the pterion?

A

Susceptible to fracture

- risk of injury to middle meningeal artery which could cause an extradural haematoma

58
Q

Name the muscles of mastication

A

Masseter
Temporalis
Medial pterygoid
Lateral pterygoid

59
Q

Which muscle of mastication is responsible for protruding the mandible?

A

Lateral pterygoid (when contracted bilaterally)

60
Q

Which muscle of mastication is responsible for side-to-side movement of the mandible?

A

Lateral pterygoid (when contracted unilaterally)

61
Q

Which muscle of mastication is responsible for retracting the mandible?

A

Temporalis muscle

62
Q

Name the three articulating surfaces in the temporomandibular joint

A

Mandibular fossa
Articular tubercle (part of temporal bone)
Head of mandible

63
Q

What structure separates the articulating surfaces of the TM joint?

A

articular disk

this splits the joint into two synovial cavities

64
Q

What type of cartilage covers the bones in the TM joint?

A

Fibrocartilage (not hyaline cartilage!)

65
Q

What type of joint is the temporomandibular joint? What movement does this allow?

A

Modified hinge joint

Allows movement of the mandible in three planes

66
Q

Name the ligaments that stabilise the TM joint

A

Lateral ligament
Sphenomandibular ligament
Stylomandibular ligament

67
Q

Describe the neurovascular supply of the TM joint

A

Arterial supply is via branches of the superficial temporal artery, which is a branch of the external carotid artery
Innervated by branches of the mandibular nerve

68
Q

The mandibular nerve innervates structures derived from which pharyngeal arch?

A

1st pharyngeal arch

Head and Neck (13 decks)

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