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GSSE anatomy > Head > Flashcards

Head Flashcards

1
Q

Foramen caecum site and transmits

A

Frontal, most anterior foramen
Has emissary vein to superior sagittal sinus

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2
Q

Optic canal contents

A

Optic n
Ophthalmic A

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3
Q

Superior orbital fissure contents

A

CN3
CN4
Lacrimal, frontal, nasociliary branch CNV1
CN6
Sup opthalmic V

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4
Q

Foramen rotundum transmits

A

CNV2

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5
Q

Foramen ovale transmits

A

CNV3
Accessory meningeal A
Lesser petrosal N (occasionally)

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6
Q

Foramen spinosum transmits

A

Middle meningeal A+V
Meningeal branch of mandibular nerve

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7
Q

Jugular foramen transmits

A

Inferior petrosal sinus
Glossopharyngeal N
Vagus N
Accessory N
Sigmoid sinus
Posterior meningeal A

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8
Q

Foramen magnum transmits

A

Medulla oblongata
Meninges
Vertebral A
Meningeal branches of vertebral A
Spinal roots of accessory nerves

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9
Q

Space b/w arachnoid and duramater

A

Subdural space

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10
Q

Where are the arachnoid ville

A

Herniate into dura mater

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11
Q

What are the cisterns of the brain

A

Cerebellomedullary cistern
Pontine cistern
Interpenducular cistern
Chiasmatic cistern

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12
Q

What is the point of a cistern

A

For pooling CSF

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13
Q

What produces CSF & where

A

Choroid plexus, lateral, 3rd, 4th ventricle

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14
Q

How much production of CSF/day

A

500ml

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15
Q

What are the parts of lateral ventricle

A

Body, anterior, posterior and inferior horns

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16
Q

Flow of CSF

A

Choroid plexus => ant horn of lateral ventricle => interventricular foramen => 3rd ventricle => cerebral aqueduct => 4th ventricle

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17
Q

How does CSF exit the flow

A

Via lateral aperature or median

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18
Q

What are the folds of the inner layer of dura that project into the cranial cavity

A

Tentorium cerebelloi
Falx cerebri
Falx cerebella
Diaphragma sellae

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19
Q

What does the tentorium cerebelli separate

A

Superior petrosal & transverse sinuses, roofs the posterior cranial fossa

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20
Q

What are the attachments of tentorium cerebelli

A

Posterior clinoid process
Upper border of petrous temporal bone
Inner surface of each side of the skull to internal occipital protuberance

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21
Q

What does the falx cerebri separate

A

2 hemispheres

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22
Q

What are the attachments of falx cerebri

A

Crista galli of ethmoid bone
Upper surface of tentoium

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23
Q

Falx cerebella extends from

A

Internal occipital protuberance to post margin of foramen magnum

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24
Q

Blood supply to anterior cranial cavity

A

Anterior meningeal branch of ant ethmoidal A
Post ethmoidal A

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25
Q

Blood supply to middle cranial fossa

A

Middle meningeal A

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26
Q

Blood supply to post cranial fossa

A

Anterior and posterior meningeal branches of vertebral A

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27
Q

Where does the middle meningeal A arise

A

From maxillary A

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28
Q

Where does the middle meningeal A enter to reach the vault

A

Foramen spinosum

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29
Q

What is the drainage of the marrow blood of the skull

A

Via diploic veins into superior sagittal sinus OR middle meningeal V (into pterygoid plexus)

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30
Q

Nerve supply of anterior cranial fossa

A

Anterior, posterior ethmoidal N
Twigs from maxillary N

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31
Q

Nerve supply of middle cranial fossa

A

ANterior portion from maxilary branch
Pot by meningeal branch of mandibular N

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32
Q

Posterior fossa nerve supply

A

Meningeal branches of vagus & hypoglossal

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33
Q

What are the dural sinuses (names)

A

Superior sagittal sinus
Inferior sagittal sinus
Transverse sinus
Straight sinus
Superior petrsoal sinus
Sigmoid sinus
Occipital sinus

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34
Q

Where does superior sagittal sinus run

A

B/w hemispheres

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35
Q

Where does the inferior sagittal sinus run

A

B/w hemispheres, below superior

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36
Q

What joins to form the sigmoid sinus

A

Superior petrosal sinus & transverse sinus

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37
Q

What does the sigmoid sinus become

A

IJV

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38
Q

What drains cavernous sinus

A

Superior and inferior petrosal sinus =>sigmoid sinus => IJV

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39
Q

Where does the cavernous sinus lie

A

Body of sphenoid bone in middle cranial fossawhat

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40
Q

What does the cavernous sinus contain

A

ICA
CN3, CNV, CNV1, CNV2, CNVI, sympathetic plexus

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41
Q

Boundaries of cavernous sinus

A

Medial = roof continuous with diaphragm sellae
Lateral = inner layer of dura across middle cranial fossa
Anterior = roof attached to anterior & middle clinoid process
Post = roof has a triangular depression b/w attachment to post clinoid process
Floor - narrow strip of periosteum along base of greater wing of sphenoid

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42
Q

Relations medially to the cavernous sinus

A

Lateral wall of pituitary fossa
Body of sphenoid with air cells

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43
Q

Lateral relations to cavernous sinus

A

Medial surface of temporal lobe

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44
Q

Superior relations to cavernous sinus

A

Emerging ICA lies in contact with roof

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45
Q

What does CNIII pick up in cavernous sinus

A

Symp fibres from ICA for levator palpebrae superioris

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46
Q

What passes through foramen lacerum

A

Greater petrosal nerve

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47
Q

Where does the trigeminal ganglion lie

A

In a cavity called meckel’s cave in the dura mater near petrous part of temporal bone

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48
Q

What are the veins of the cavernous sinus

A

Superior orbital V
Inferior orbital V
Sphenoparietal sinus
Superior petrosal sinus
Inferior petrosal sinus
Intercavernous sinuses

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49
Q

What is a carotid-cavernous fistula

A

Rupture of ICA within cavernous sinus , an A-V fistula is created

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50
Q

What is cavernous sinus syndrome

A

Lesions affecting the cavenrous sinus
Ophthalmoplegia
Ophthalmic sensory loss
Maxillary senosry loss
Fixed, dilated pupil
Horners

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51
Q

Where would an infection/thrombophlebitis arise if it affected the cavernous sinus

A

Upper lip, nose, medial cheek
Areas associated with facial V

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52
Q

What bones makes the anterior cranial fossa

A

Frontal bone
Cribiform plate of ethmoid
Lesser wing & anterior part of sphenoid

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53
Q

What are the anterior and posterior boundaries of middle cranial fossa

A

Lesser wing of sphenoid
Petrous temporal bone
Superior petrosal sinus

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54
Q

What sits in the median part of the middle cranial fossa

A

Pituitary gland
Optic nerves & chiasma
Intercavernous sinus

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55
Q

What lies in lateral parts of the middle cranial fossa

A

Cavernous sinus
III, VI, trigeminal ganglion
ICA
Middle & accessory meningeal vessels
Greater & lesser petrosal n
Temporal lobe

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56
Q

Blood supply of pituitary gland

A

Single inferior & several superior hypophyseal arteries arise from ICA

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57
Q

Pars anterior releases

A

GH, PRL, ACTH, FSH, LH, TSH

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58
Q

Pars posterior releases

A

Oxytocin, ADH

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59
Q

Ophthalmic A arises from

A

ICA, immedaiately above roof of cavernous sinus

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60
Q

Where is the optic N in relation to ophthalmic A

A

Optic nerve is above & medial

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61
Q

Where does trochlear nerve emerge

A

Dorsal surface of brainstem

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62
Q

What does post comm a do

A

Join ICA & PCA in circle of willis

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63
Q

What are the boundaries of the trigeminal cave/meckel’s cave

A

Cerebellar tentorium superolatearlly
Lateral wall of cavernous sinus superomedially
Clivus medially
Post petrous face inferolaterally

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64
Q

Blood supply of trigeminal ganglion

A

Accessory meningeal A
Small branches from ICA

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65
Q

Where does CNV3 pass through

A

Foramen ovale

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66
Q

Where does CNV2 pass through

A

Foramen rotundum

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67
Q

Where does CNV1 pass through

A

SOF

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68
Q

What is the course of greater petrosal N

A

Emerges from hiatus in petrous bone, runs beneath trigeminal ganglion to foramen lacerum

Joined by deep petrosal nerve to form VIDIAN Nerve
Enters the pterygopalatine ganglion

69
Q

What is the course of lesser petrosal N

A

From CN9
Leaves hiatus, runs to emerge from foramen ovale & join otic ganglion

70
Q

What does the post cranial fossa lodge

A

Cerebellar hemispheres
Pons
Medulla oblongata
In it nerves CNV-XII pierce the dura mater

71
Q

Where does trigeminal nerve arise

A

Anterolateral surface of pons (2 roots)

72
Q

Where does the vestibulocochlear nerves and facial nerves arise

A

With nervous intermedius (which goes on to give greater petrosal n) leave lateral end of junction b/w pons &medulla to enter IAM with labyrinthe artery

73
Q

What is the nervus intermedius origin and goal

A

Part of facial
Contributes to greater petosal N

74
Q

Labyrinthe origin

A

Branch of basilar OR AICA

75
Q

Where is IAM set

A

Post surface of petrous bone of temporal bone

76
Q

What nerves arise from medulla oblongata

A

CN9, 10, 11 as a series of rootlets b./w olive & Inf cerebellar peduncle then exit through jugular foramen

77
Q

What are the compartments and contents of jugular foramen

A

Anterior - CN9, IPS
Middle - CN10, 11
Post - sigmoid sinus

78
Q

Where does hypoglossal nerve arise and exit

A

Series of rootlets b/w pyramid & olive
Enter hypoglossal canal

79
Q

Arterial supply to posterior fossa

A

Vertebral A
Basilar A

80
Q

What does the vertebral A give off

A

Small post spinal A
Ant spinal A
PICA to form basilar A

81
Q

Where does basilar A run

A

Up infront of pons

82
Q

Branches of basilar A

A

AICA
Pontine branches
Labyrinthe A
Ends by dividing into PCA

83
Q

Olfactory nerve course

A

20 filaments, through foramina in cribiform plate, pierce dura & arachnoid mater of anterior cranial fossa
Enter olfactory bulb

84
Q

What are rods & cones supply

A

Rods - photosensitive
Cones - coloursensitive

85
Q

What is the course of CNII

A

Via optic canal, then chiasma then decussate to LGN -> optic radiation -> visual cortex

86
Q

Division of CNIII

A

Superior - sup rectus & levator palpebrae superioris

Inf- mid rectus, inf rectus, inf oblique

87
Q

CNIV arises from & travels

A

From dorsal midbrain, around cerebral pedunble b/w PCA and sup cerebellar A

Then passes in lateral wall of cavernous sinus

Then SOF to within tendinous ring to sup oblique

88
Q

Ophthalmic nerve branches that pass through SOF

A

Lacrimal
Frontal
Nasociliary

89
Q

Lacrimal nerve origin

A

CNV1

90
Q

Lacrimal nerve supplies

A

Secremotor branch
Skin of upper lateral eyelid, both palpebral & ocular surfces of conjunctiva

91
Q

Frontal nerve origin

A

CNV1

92
Q

Frontal N division & supplies

A

Supraorbital N - front sinus

Supratrochlear N - upper lid & conjunctiva, central strip of forehead

93
Q

Nasociliary N origin

A

CNV1

94
Q

Nasociliary N broadly supplies

A

Sensory to whole eyeball, paranasal sinuses along medial wall of orbit, mucus membranes of nasal cavity & skin of external nose

95
Q

Branches of nasociliary N

A

Anterior ethmoidal
Infratrochlear
Post ethmoidal
Communicating branch
Long ciliary nerves

96
Q

What does the long ciliary nerve carry

A

SNS fibres to dilator papillae muscle & sensory to eye including cornea

97
Q

Course of CNV2

A

Through lateral wall cavernous sinus
Foramen rotundum
Upper part of pterygopalatine foramen
Deviates into inf orbital fissure, infraorbital groove to become INFRAORBITAL

98
Q

Branches of CNV2

A

Nasal (nasopalatine, post sup nasal)
Greater, lesser palatine
Orbital
Pharyngeal N
Zygomatic n (zygomaticofacial, zygomaticotemporal)
Post sup alveolar nerve
Infraorbital

99
Q

Nasopalatine nerve origin

A

CNV2

100
Q

Nasopalatine n supplies

A

Gum behind 2 incisor teeth

101
Q

Posterior superior nasal nerves origin

A

CNV2

102
Q

Post sup nasal nerve supplies

A

Lateral wall of nose & septum

103
Q

Greater palatine nerve origin

A

CNV2

104
Q

Greater palatine nerve supply

A

Lateral wall of nose & medial wall of maxillary sinus

105
Q

Lesser palatine nerve origin

A

CNV2

106
Q

Lesser palatine nerve supplies

A

Palatine tonsil

107
Q

Zygomatic nerve branches

A

Zygomaticotemporal
Zygomaticofacial

108
Q

When does the zygomatic branch form

A

In iOF

109
Q

Origin of zygomatic branch

A

CNV2

110
Q

Infraorbital nerve supplies

A

Lower lid conjunctiva, skin of lower lid, mid face, cheek, nose, upper lip & labial gum

111
Q

Branches of the mandibular nerve

A

Small anterior branch *mainly motor
Large posterior branch * mainly senosry

112
Q

Branches from main trunk of mandibular N prior to divison

A

Meningeal branch (to middle cranial fossa)
Nerve to medial pterygoid

113
Q

Branches of ant div of CNV3 & supplies

A

Two deep temporal branches (lateral pterygoid, temporalis)
Masseteric n
N to lateral pterygoid
Buccal n (only sensory nerve)

114
Q

Abducens nerve course

A

Emerges from lower border of pons
Enters pontine cistern
Passes b/w AICA and pons
Passes into cavernous sinus, inferolateral to ICA
Enters SOF through tendinous ring to lateral rectus

115
Q

CN7 intracranial branches

A

Greater petrsoal nerve
Nerve to stapedius
Chorda tympani

116
Q

Course of CN7

A

Emerges from lower border of pons above olive
B/w pons and inferior cerebellar peduncle near CN8
Enter into IAM
Run into petrous bone, then into facial canal and emerges from stylomastoid foramen
Passes through parotid gland

117
Q

Which foramen does greater petrsoal nerve pass through

A

Foramen spinosum

118
Q

Greater petrosal n supplies

A

With deep petrosal nerve (to form vidian n)
Relays secrotomotors fibres
Taste from soft palate & SNS
Secretomotor to nose, paranasal sinus, hard, soft palate & nasopharynx

119
Q

Chorda tympani

A

From CN&, secretomotor fibres to submandibular ganglion

120
Q

Extracranial branches of CN7

A

Post auricular n
Nerves to post belly of digastric & stylohyoid
5 branches of parotid (temporal, zygomatic, buccal, marginal mandibular, cervical)

121
Q

Receptors of CN8

A

Cochlear n - spiral organ hair cells in internal ear

Vestibular n - hair cells in maculae of utricle & saccule & ampullae of semicircular ducts

122
Q

CN9 course

A

Emerges on surface of medulla b/w olive and inf cerebellar peduncle in a series of rootlets
Enters ant compartment of jugular foramen
Tympanic nerve given off in ganglion
Pases b/w IJV and iCA , then b/w ICA & ECA
Passes b/w superior & inferior constrictors

123
Q

Branches of CN9

A

Tympanic branch
N to stylophgaryngeus *only muscular
Carotid branch
Pharyngeal branch
Tonsilar branch
Lingual branch

124
Q

Vagus nerve course

A

Leaves medulla in rootlets in b.w olive & inf cerebellar peduncle
Unite to enter middle compartment of jugular foramen
Runs in carotid sheath, deep to ICA/CCA & IJV

125
Q

Branches in neck of vagus

A

Small meningeal, auricular & carotid body
Pharyngeal brach
Superior laryngeal branch *int/ext n
Cervical cardiac branch (deep, superfiical)
R & L recurrent laryngeal nerves

126
Q

Journey of vagus in mediastinum

A

L lies b/w CCA and subclavian arteries, crosses L side of aortic arch

R comes into contact with trachea

Both pass BEHIND lung root, contributing to ant/post pulmonary plexus
Then break into oesophageal plexuses

Pass through oesophageal opening

Ant vagal - hepatic
Post vagal - coeliac

127
Q

Accessory nerve course

A

Spinal root - ant horn of upper 5-6 cervical segments
Cranial - b/w olive & inf cerebellar peduncle

unite to form ACCESSORY NERVE
middle compartment of jugular foramen
lie infront of TP of atlas

supply SCM & trapezius

128
Q

hypoglossal course

A

surface of medulla b/w pyramig & olive
enter hypoglossal canal and emerge as 1 nerve
pass b/w IJV & ICA
cross the carotids and loop at lingual A
nerve passes sup to hyoglossuss *lingual a passes deep

129
Q

hypoglossal nerve supplies

A

all muscles of tongue EXCEPT palatoglossus

130
Q

branches of sup root of ansa cervicalis supply

A

omohyoid
sternohyoid
sternothyroid

131
Q

sutures of the skull

A

coronal
bregma
sagittal
lambda

132
Q

what is it called when frontal bones fail to fuse

A

metopic suture

133
Q

lambda is the

A

site where sagittal suture meets lambdoid suture

134
Q

occipital protuberance

A

both int & ext, lie approx 6cm below lambda
sup nuchal line and such insert here

135
Q

temporalis arises from

A

inf temporal line

136
Q

what forms zygomatic arch

A

zygomatic process of temporal bone & temporal process of zygomatic bone

137
Q

what crosses the zygomatic arch

A

auriculotemporal n
superificial temporal N
temporal & zygomatic branches of facial N

138
Q

what gives rise to buccinator

A

tuberosity of maxilla

139
Q

where do rectus capitis post minor & major insert

A

foramen magnum

140
Q

where do semispinalis capitis & superior oblique insert

A

superior & inferior nuchal lines

141
Q

what type of joint is the atlanto-occipital

A

ball & socket

142
Q

pharyngeal tubercle site & what attaches here

A

anterior to foramen magnum, site of attachment of pharyngobasilar fascia

143
Q

what muscles attach on styloid process & where

A

stylopharyngeus, high up medially
stylohyoid, high up post
styloglossus low down in front
Stylohyoid lig, from tip

144
Q

What is transmitted in stylomastoid foramen

A

Facial n
Stylomastoid branch of post auricular vessels

145
Q

What is transmitted in foramen ovale

A

V3
Accessory meningeal A
Lesser petrosal N
Emissary V

146
Q

Foramen spinosum transmits

A

Middle meningeal vessels

147
Q

Medial pterygoid plate attachments

A

Pterygomandibular raphe
Auditory tube
Pharyngobasilar fascia

148
Q

Attachments of lateral pterygoid plate

A

Lower head of lat pterygoid m
Deep head of medial pterygoid m

149
Q

Incisive fossa transmits

A

Greater palatine artery
Nasopalatine N

150
Q

Greater palatine foramen transmits

A

Greater palatine n and vessels

151
Q

Lesser palatine foramen transmits

A

Lesser palatine n + vessels

152
Q

Mandible features

A

Body
Ramus
Neck
Head
Condylar process
Coronoid process

153
Q

What part of mandible do the buccinators attach

A

Ext oblique line

154
Q

Which muscle inserts on the ramus

A

Masseter

155
Q

What attaches to coronoid process

A

Temporalis

156
Q

Inner surface of mandible is characterised by

A

Mylohyoid line
Mental spines
Digastric fossae
Sublingual fossa (above mylohyoid line)
Submandibular fossa

157
Q

Medial surface of ramus is characterised by

A

Lingula
Mandibular foramen
Sphenomandibular lig
Medial pterygoid m

158
Q

Hyoid bone features

A

Body
Greater horn
Lesser horn

159
Q

What level does hyoid bone lie at

A

C3

160
Q

Where does thyrohyoid muscle attach

A

Upper border of body
Greater horns

161
Q

Where does sternohyoid & omohyoid attach

A

Lower border of hyoid

162
Q

Where does thyrohyoid attach

A

Lower border of greater horn

163
Q

What is anterior to all muscles that attach to hyoid bone

A

Investing layer of deep cervical fascia

164
Q

What does the lesser horn of hyoid give attachment to (lig)

A

Stylohyoid lig

165
Q

Where does the middle constrictor arise

A

Stylohyoid lig & whole of greater horn & lateral part of hyoid body

166
Q

Where does hypoglossus arise

A

Lateral to the medial constrictor,
Whole length of greater horn & the lateral part of body

167
Q

What is the fibrous sling that digastrics attach to

A

Split tendon of stylohyoid

168
Q
A

GSSE anatomy (8 decks)

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