HD, men's, sexual and women's health Flashcards
Whats the central zone surround?
Ejaculatory duct
What does the transitional zone surround?
Urethra
Which zone is affected by carcinoma?
Peripheral
Which zone is affected by BPH?
Transitional
Tamsulosin
Alpha 1 blocker
Relaxes smooth muscle to make urination easier
Finasteride
5a reductase inhibitor
Reduces testosterone –> DHT
Reduced proliferation or prostatic cells
What surgery for BPH can be performed?
TUPR
Open prostatectomy
Laser ablation
High energy ultrasound therapy
Which side do indirect inguinal hernias most commonly occur on?
Right
How does parasympathetic outflow lead to erection?
Release on NO Activation of guanylate cyclase GTP --> cGMP Smooth muscle relaxation Enlarged lacunar spaces Engorgement of blood Blockage of venous return Increased pressure Rigidity Erection
What chemical breaks down cGMP
PDE-5
Sildenafil
PDE-5 inhibitor
Helps maintain erection
Relies upon working nerves to initially activate parasympathetic outflow
What is a penile prosthesis?
Inflatable tube replaces corpora cavernosum
Pump in scrotum
Can fill with fluid to cause rigidity
Peyronie’s disease
Scar tissue formation of the tunica albuginea
Results in a misshaped penis
Can be painful in intercourse
Treated by stretching and massage, topical verapamil and surgery
What is varicocele?
Abnormal enlargement of the pampiniform veins
Which side does varicocele occur on and why?
Left
Testicular vein drains to left renal vein at an angle
How is varicocele treated?
Embolisation
Surgery
How can varicocele cause infertility?
Increased temperature of the testes
Makes spermatogenesis less effective
Most common STIs in men
Chlamydia Genital warts Gonorrhoea Herpes Syphilis
Most common STIs in women
Chlamydia Genital warts Herpes Gonorrhoea Syphilis
What pathogens causes chlamydia?
Chlamydia trachomatis
Gram negative
Intracellular
What do serovars L of chlamydia cause?
Lymphgranuloma venerum
Buboes/abscesses
Proctitis
What is neonatal chlamydia?
Conjunctivitis
Pneumonia
How is chlamydia treated
Azithromycin
Doxycycline
What are the complications of chlamydia?
Infertility
Reactive arthritis
Which strains of HPV causes cancer?
16, 88, 31, 33
Which strains of HPV causes genital warts?
6, 11
How are genital warts treated?
Topical imiquimod
Cryotherapy
Pathogen for gonorrhoea
Neisseria gonorrhoea
Gram negative diplococci
Neonatal gonorrhoea
Conjunctivitis
Complications of gonorrhoea
Infertility
Septic arthritis
Blindness
Septicaemia
Treatment of gonorrhoea
Ceftriaxone
Herpes 1 vs 2
1 = oral 2 = genital
Where does herpes often hide in latency?
Trigeminal ganglion
Sacral ganglion
How is herpes treated?
Acyclovir
What is the pathogen in syphilis?
Treponema pallidum
Spirochaete
Gram negative
What is primary syphilis?
Primary infection
Priary chancre
Highly infectious
Serology often negative
What is secondary syphilis?
4-10 weeks after primary infection Rash (especially palms and soles of feet) Generalised lymphadenopathy Condyloma lata (wart like lesions) Highly infectious Serology positive
What is tertiary syphilis?
3-15 years after initial infection
Not infectious
Gummatous –> tumour like balls of inflammation
Neurosyphilis –> stroke, dementia, seizures
Cardiovascular –> aneurysms
Congenital syphilis
Often assymptomatic at birth
Go on to develop hepatosplenomegly, rash, fever, rhinitis and neurosyphilis
