HD, men's, sexual and women's health

Question 1

Whats the central zone surround?

Answer 1

Ejaculatory duct

Question 2

What does the transitional zone surround?

Answer 2

Urethra

Question 3

Which zone is affected by carcinoma?

Answer 3

Peripheral

Question 4

Which zone is affected by BPH?

Answer 4

Transitional

Question 5

Tamsulosin

Answer 5

Alpha 1 blocker

Relaxes smooth muscle to make urination easier

Question 6

Finasteride

Answer 6

5a reductase inhibitor
Reduces testosterone –> DHT
Reduced proliferation or prostatic cells

Question 7

What surgery for BPH can be performed?

Answer 7

TUPR
Open prostatectomy
Laser ablation
High energy ultrasound therapy

Question 8

Which side do indirect inguinal hernias most commonly occur on?

Answer 8

Right

Question 9

How does parasympathetic outflow lead to erection?

Answer 9

Release on NO 
Activation of guanylate cyclase 
GTP --> cGMP 
Smooth muscle relaxation 
Enlarged lacunar spaces 
Engorgement of blood 
Blockage of venous return 
Increased pressure 
Rigidity 
Erection

Question 10

What chemical breaks down cGMP

Answer 10

PDE-5

Question 11

Sildenafil

Answer 11

PDE-5 inhibitor
Helps maintain erection
Relies upon working nerves to initially activate parasympathetic outflow

Question 12

What is a penile prosthesis?

Answer 12

Inflatable tube replaces corpora cavernosum
Pump in scrotum
Can fill with fluid to cause rigidity

Question 13

Peyronie’s disease

Answer 13

Scar tissue formation of the tunica albuginea
Results in a misshaped penis
Can be painful in intercourse
Treated by stretching and massage, topical verapamil and surgery

Question 14

What is varicocele?

Answer 14

Abnormal enlargement of the pampiniform veins

Question 15

Which side does varicocele occur on and why?

Answer 15

Left

Testicular vein drains to left renal vein at an angle

Question 16

How is varicocele treated?

Answer 16

Embolisation

Surgery

Question 17

How can varicocele cause infertility?

Answer 17

Increased temperature of the testes

Makes spermatogenesis less effective

Question 18

Most common STIs in men

Answer 18

Chlamydia
Genital warts
Gonorrhoea 
Herpes 
Syphilis

Question 19

Most common STIs in women

Answer 19

Chlamydia 
Genital warts 
Herpes 
Gonorrhoea 
Syphilis

Question 20

What pathogens causes chlamydia?

Answer 20

Chlamydia trachomatis
Gram negative
Intracellular

Question 21

What do serovars L of chlamydia cause?

Answer 21

Lymphgranuloma venerum
Buboes/abscesses
Proctitis

Question 22

What is neonatal chlamydia?

Answer 22

Conjunctivitis

Pneumonia

Question 23

How is chlamydia treated

Answer 23

Azithromycin

Doxycycline

Question 24

What are the complications of chlamydia?

Answer 24

Infertility

Reactive arthritis

Question 25

Which strains of HPV causes cancer?

Answer 25

16, 88, 31, 33

Question 26

Which strains of HPV causes genital warts?

Answer 26

6, 11

Question 27

How are genital warts treated?

Answer 27

Topical imiquimod | Cryotherapy

Question 28

Pathogen for gonorrhoea

Answer 28

Neisseria gonorrhoea | Gram negative diplococci

Question 29

Neonatal gonorrhoea

Answer 29

Conjunctivitis

Question 30

Complications of gonorrhoea

Answer 30

Infertility Septic arthritis Blindness Septicaemia

Question 31

Treatment of gonorrhoea

Answer 31

Ceftriaxone

Question 32

Herpes 1 vs 2

Answer 32

``` 1 = oral 2 = genital ```

Question 33

Where does herpes often hide in latency?

Answer 33

Trigeminal ganglion | Sacral ganglion

Question 34

How is herpes treated?

Answer 34

Acyclovir

Question 35

What is the pathogen in syphilis?

Answer 35

Treponema pallidum Spirochaete Gram negative

Question 36

What is primary syphilis?

Answer 36

Primary infection Priary chancre Highly infectious Serology often negative

Question 37

What is secondary syphilis?

Answer 37

``` 4-10 weeks after primary infection Rash (especially palms and soles of feet) Generalised lymphadenopathy Condyloma lata (wart like lesions) Highly infectious Serology positive ```

Question 38

What is tertiary syphilis?

Answer 38

3-15 years after initial infection Not infectious Gummatous --> tumour like balls of inflammation Neurosyphilis --> stroke, dementia, seizures Cardiovascular --> aneurysms

Question 39

Congenital syphilis

Answer 39

Often assymptomatic at birth | Go on to develop hepatosplenomegly, rash, fever, rhinitis and neurosyphilis