BB psychiatry

Question 1

Structural changes in depression

Answer 1

Decreased metabolism in subgenual prefrontal cortex

Decreased hippocampal volume

Question 2

Why do antidepressants have a delay of action?

Answer 2

Due to changes in autoreceptors
Inhibiting monoamine reuptake increases autorecepotr activation, reducing neurone firing rate
During the first few weeks, these autoreceptors become desensitised
Neurones return to their normal firing rate
Normal firing rate + inhibit reuptake = increased levels in synapse –> full efficacy

Question 3

Antidepressant discontinuation syndrome

Answer 3

Insomnia 
Anxiety 
Nausea 
Headaches 
Electric shock sensations

Question 4

Garcia effect

Answer 4

Avoid food because of past unpleasant experience

Question 5

Unconditioned stimulus

Answer 5

Stimulus that already elicits a response

Question 6

Unconditioned response

Answer 6

Response that doesn’t have to be learned

Question 7

Conditioned stimulus

Answer 7

Previously neutral stimulus

Question 8

Conditioned response

Answer 8

Learned response stimulated by CS

Question 9

Psychological treatments that use classic conditioning

Answer 9

Aversion therapy
Systematic desensitisation
Flooding

Question 10

Positive reinforcer

Answer 10

Reward following behaviour

Increases the behaviour

Question 11

Negative reinforcer

Answer 11

Removal of negative stimulus with behaviour

Increases behaviour

Question 12

Positive punishment

Answer 12

Application of an unpleasant stimulus

Question 13

Negative punsihment

Answer 13

Removal of a pleasant stimulus

Question 14

Neurobiology of classic conditioning

Answer 14

Amygdala and LTP

Question 15

Neurobiology of operant conditioning

Answer 15

Dopamine in the nucleus accumbens

Question 16

Pain gate open

Answer 16

Noxious stimuli
Anxiety
Tension
Focus on pain

Question 17

Pain gain closed

Answer 17

Analgesia 
Pleasure
Relaxation 
Distraction 
Counter stimulation --> TENS, rubbing, acupuncture

Question 18

NT systems in pain, addiction, depression

Answer 18

Serotonin
NA
DA
Opioids

Question 19

Positive symptoms of schizophrenia

Answer 19

Hallucinations 
Delusions 
Agitation 
Disorganised behaviour 
Catatonia

Question 20

Negative symptoms of schizophrenia

Answer 20

Introversion
Apathy
Self neglect
Low self esteem

Question 21

Cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia

Answer 21

Poor memory
Poor attention
Executive dysfunction

Question 22

Genetics in schizophrenia

Answer 22

Dysbindin 
BDNF 
COMT 
DISC1
Neuregulin 1

Question 23

Testing frontal lobe function

Answer 23

Wisconsin card sorting test

Question 24

Structural changes in schizophrenia

Answer 24

Larger ventricles
Smaller mesial temporal lobe
Decreased blood flow to prefrontal cortex (executive function dysfunction)
Increased blood flow to thalamus and cerebellum

Question 25

Neuroleptic malignancy syndrome

Answer 25

Rare complication of antipsychotic use
Autonomic instability 
Hyperpyrexia 
Rigidity 
Confusion
Tremor

Question 26

Tarditive dyskinesia

Answer 26

Irreversible complication

Involuntary movements such as lip smacking, tongue thrusting, grimacing, chewing