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2 - BB/HD > BB anatomy > Flashcards

BB anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Where does the middle meningeal artery enter the skull?

A

Foramen spinosum

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2
Q

Where does the middle meningeal artery branch from?

A

Maxillary artery

From external carotid

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3
Q

What makes up the nasal septum?

A

Ethmoid
Vomer
Nasal hyaline cartilage

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4
Q

What is found on the ventral surface of the brainstem?

A 
Cerebral peduncles 
Pons 
Pyramids (where CST decussate) 
Olives 
All cranial nerves leaving the brainstem except for IV
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5
Q

What is found on the dorsal surface of the brainstem?

A

Superior colliculi (visual)
Inferior colliculi (auditory)
Trochlear nerve emerging at the midbrain-pons junction
Superior, middle and inferior cerebellar peduncles
Cuneate fasciculi laterally
Gracile fasciculi medially
Obex = 1/3 of the way up of the medulla where 4th ventricle begins

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6
Q

Blood supply to the dorsal brainstem

A

PCA
AICA
PICA

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7
Q

Blood supply to the ventral brainstem

A

Basilar

ASA

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8
Q

What does CN III innervate?

A 
Extraocular muscles (except superior oblique and lateral rectus) 
Levator palpebrae superioris 
Ciliary muscle (parasympathetic)
Sphincter pupillae (parasympathetic)
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9
Q

CN III lesion

A

Dilated pupil

Eye in down and out position

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10
Q

CN IV lesion

A

Double vision when looking down

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11
Q

2 major branches of V3

A

Lingual nerve

  • supplies sensation to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue
  • carries chorda tympani from facial nerve for taste sensation

Inferior alveolar nerve

  • sensation to lower teeth
  • enters mandible though mandibular foramen
  • exits though mental foramen
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12
Q

Clinical significance of abducens damage

A

Long intradural course

Easily compressed when ICP is raised

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13
Q

CN VI lesion

A

Medial deviation on affected side

Loss of abduction

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14
Q

CN VII branches

A

Greater petrosal nerve –> lacrimal gland
Nerve to stapedius
Chorda tympani
Posterior belly of digastric and stylohyoid
Terminal branches

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15
Q

Terminal branches of CN VII

A 
Temporal --> frontalis 
Zygomatic --> orbiculairs oculi
Buccal --> buccinator, orbicularis oris 
Mandibular --> mentalis 
Cervical --> platysma
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16
Q

Bell’s palsy vs stroke

A

Bell’s palsy = complete unilateral paralysis

Stroke = forehead sparing

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17
Q

Tympanic branch of CN IX

A

Sensation to middle ear, tympanic membrane and Eustachain tube
Parasympathetic to parotid gland

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18
Q

What innervates the carotid sinus and body?

A

CN IX

19
Q

Which muscle does CN IX supply?

A

Stylopharyngeus

20
Q

Which tonsils does CN IX innervate?

A

Palatine via tonsillar nerve

21
Q

What muscles are supplied by CN X?

A

Palate (except tensor veli palatini –> V3)
Pharynx (except stylopharyngeus –> CN IX)
Palatoglossus
Laryngeal muscles

22
Q

What does the transverse fissure separate?

A

Occipital lobe

Cerebellum

23
Q

What makes up the lentiform nucleus?

A

Putamen

Globus pallidus

24
Q

What makes up the dorsal striatum

A

Caudate

Putamen

25
Q

Superior cerebellar peduncle

A

Output from the cerebellum to the pons –> thalamus –> cortex

26
Q

Middle cerebellar peduncle

A

Input to the cerebellum from the pons

About motor activities initiated by the cortex

27
Q

Inferior cerebellar peduncle

A

Input to the cerebellum via the spinocerbellar tract from peripheral proprioceptors

28
Q

Signs of cerebellar injury

A 
DANISH 
Dysdiadochokinesia 
Ataxia 
Nystagmus
Intention tremor 
Slurred speech 
Hypotonia
29
Q

Thalamic nuceli

A 
LGN = vision 
MGN = hearing 
VPL = touch, pain, pressure 
Anterior = memory 
VL = motor from BG and cerebellum 
VA = motor from BG
30
Q

What does the epithalamus/pineal gland secrete?

A

Melatonin

31
Q

Layers of the scalp

A 
Skin = many sweat and sebaceous glands 
Connective tissue 
Aponeurosis = tendinous sheet
Loose CT = allows movement of scalp 
Pericranium = dense CT that is the periosteum
32
Q

T1 weighted

A

CSF and bone = black
Fat = white
Grey matter darker than white

33
Q

T2 weighted

A

CSF and bone = white
Fat = black
White matter darker than grey

34
Q

Which parts of the orbit are most commonly fractured?

A

Medial and inferior walls

Ethmoid and maxillary

35
Q

Epidural haematoma

A

Impact to the head
Tearing a vessel running between skull and dura
Arterial bleed
Lucid interval then sudden unconsciousness
Convex shaped on scan

36
Q

Subdural haematoma

A

Caused by an acceleration/deceleration incident
Tearing of bridging veins between dura and arachnoid
Gradual headache and confusion
Crescent shaped appearance on scan

37
Q

Subarachnoid haemaorrhage

A

May be with small trauma or spontaneous rupture of an aneurysm
Blood within the subarachnoid space
Blood can be seen within the sulci and fissures on scan
Thundercap headache, vomiting, confusion, loss of consciousness

38
Q

Common sites of brain contusion

A

Inferior surface of frontal lobes
Lateral and inferior temporal lobes
Region adjacent to lateral fissures
Occipital poles

39
Q

Symptoms of posterior parietal damage

A

Sensory neglect

Constructional apraxia

40
Q

Symptoms of visual cortex lesion

A

Contralateral homonymous hemianopia

41
Q

ACA stroke

A

Urinary incontinence
Behaviour changes
Lower body sensorineural loss

42
Q

PCA stroke

A

Contralateral homonymous hemianopia
Reading and writing deficits
Impaired memory

43
Q

What is the anterior choroidal artery?

A

From the MCA

Supplies the hippocampus, amygdala and medial temporal lobe

44
Q

Lateral medullary syndrome

A 
Wallenburg syndrome 
PICA stroke 
Sudden onset 
Ipsilateral horner syndrome 
Vertigo 
Nystagmus 
Dysarthria (slurred speech) 
Dysphonia 
Loss of gag reflex

2 - BB/HD (8 decks)

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