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2 - BB/HD > HD anatomy > Flashcards

HD anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What forms the pelvic brim?

A

Pubic symphysis
Pectineal line of superior pubic ramus
Arcuate line of ilium
Sacral promonotory

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2
Q

Border of greater sciatic foramen

A 
Superior = anterior sacroiliac joint
Anterolaterally = greater sciatic notch 
Posteromedially = sacrotuberous ligament 
Inferior = sacrospinous ligament
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3
Q

What passes through the greater sciatic foramen?

A

Above piriformis
- superior gluteal vessels + nerve

Below piriformis

  • sciatic nerve
  • inferior gluteal vessels + nerve
  • pudendal nerve
  • internal pudendal vessels
  • posterior femoral cutaneous nerve
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4
Q

Borders of the lesser sciatic foramen

A 
Anterior = ischial tuberosoty 
Superior = sacrospinous ligament 
Posterior = sacrotuberous ligament
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5
Q

What passes through the lesser sciatic foramen?

A

Pudendal nerve
Internal pudendal vessels
Obturator internus

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6
Q

What passes through the obturator foramen?

A

Obturator artery, vein, nerve

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7
Q

Superior gluteal nerve

A

L4-S1

Gluteus medius and minimus

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8
Q

Inferior gluteal nerve

A

L5-S2

Gluteus maximus

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9
Q

Sciatic nerve

A

L4-S3

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10
Q

Posterior femoral cutaneous nerve

A

S1-3

Sensation to posterior thigh and leg and some of the perineum

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11
Q

Pudendal nerve

A 
S2-4 
Skeletal muscles of the perineum 
External sphincters 
Levator ani + coccygeus
Sensation to most of the perineum
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12
Q

Blood supply to the rectum

A 
Superior = IMA 
Middle = IIA 
Inferior = pudendal
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13
Q

Venous drainage of the rectum

A

Superior –> HPV
Middle –> IVC
Inferior –> IVC

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14
Q

Posterior division of internal iliac

A

Iliolumbar
Lateral sacral
Superior gluteal

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15
Q

Anterior division of internal iliac

A 
Umbilical 
Obturator 
Inferior vesical 
Uterine --> vaginal 
Middle rectal 
Internal pudendal
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16
Q

Ovarian artery

A

From abdominal aorta
At L2
Crosses external iliac at pelvic brim
Enters suspensory ligament

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17
Q

Parts of the fallopian tube

A

Fimbrae
Infundibulum
Ampulla
Isthmus

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18
Q

Supports of the uterus

A 
Anterior = pubocervical ligament 
Lateral = transverse cardinal ligament 
Posterior = uterosacral ligament
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19
Q

Lymphatic drainage of the female pelvic organs

A

Main pelvic viscera –> internal iliac nodes –> lumbar trunks
Ovaries and fallopian tubes –> lateral aortic nodes

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20
Q

What attaches to the perineal body in females?

A 
External anal sphincter 
Bulbospongiosus 
Superficial and deep transverse perineal muscles 
Anterior fibres of levator ani 
External urinary sphincter
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21
Q

Spinal anaesthesia

A

Agent injected into CSF at the L3/4 level

Complete anesthesia from the waist down

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22
Q

Caudal epidural block

A

Catheter allowing anaesthetic to be applied to S2-4 nerve roots
Cervix, vagina, birth canal, pelvic floor and perineum anaesthetised
Lower limbs and uterine body not anaesthetised

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23
Q

Pudendal nerve block

A

Agent injected around the peripheral nerve

Only inferior vagina and perineum anaesthetised

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24
Q

Layers of the spermatic cord

A

Internal spermatic fascia
Cremaster muscle and its fascia
External spermatic fascia

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25
Q

Contents of the spermatic cord

A 
Vas deferens + artery 
Testicular artery + vein 
Cremasteric artery + vein 
Genital branch of genitofemoral nerve 
Sympathetic and visceral afferents 
Lymphatics
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26
Q

Borders of the inguinal triangle

A

Inguinal ligament
Inferior epigastric vessels
Lateral border of rectus abdominus

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27
Q

Which side does varicocele occur on?

A

Left side

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28
Q

What is the main blood supply to the vas deferens?

A

Superior vesical artery

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29
Q

Alpha blocker

A

Tamsulosin

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30
Q

5a reductase inhibitor

A

Finasteride

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31
Q

Muscles of the scrotum

A

Both supples by genital branch of GF nerve (L1-2)
Dartos
- temperature regulation
- corrugated appearance
- smooth muscle
Cremaster
- skeletal muscle
- between the internal and external spermatic fascia
- arises from the internal oblique musculature
- involved in temperature regulation

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32
Q

What innervates the skin of the scrotum?

A

Genital branch of GF nerve (L1-2)
Anterior scrotal nerves from ilioinguinal nerve (L1)
Posterior scrotal nerves from perineal nerve from the pudendal nerve (S2-4)
Perineal branches of the posterior femoral cutaenous nerve (S1-3)

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33
Q

Arteries of the penis

A

Dorsal artery of the penis
Deep arteries of the penis
Bulbourethral artery

34
Q

3 branches of the pudendal nerve

A 
Inferior rectal 
- sensation to anal triangle 
- motor to levator ani and external anal sphincter 
Perineal 
- sensation to urogenital triangle 
- motor to muscles of the deep and superficial perineal pouches 
Dorsal nerve of penis/clitoris
- sensation to glans penis or clitoris
35
Q

What innervates the internal anal sphincter?

A

Contraction stimulated by sympathetic fibres in the superior rectal and hypogastric plexuses
Contraction inhibited by parasympathetic innervation

36
Q

What innervates the external anal sphincter?

A

Inferior rectal nerve

From pudendal nerve

37
Q

When does the anterior neuropore close?

A

Day 25

38
Q

When does the posterior neuropore close?

A

Day 27

39
Q

What happens if the anterior neuropore fails to close?

A 
Anencephaly = baby is born without parts of the brain and skull
Encephalopcele = herniation of brain and meminges outside the skull
40
Q

How can anencephaly be detected?

A

Ultrasound

Maternal serum alpha fetoprotein will be raised

41
Q

What happens if the posterior neuropore fails to close?

A

Spina bfida occulta = mild form where there is a small hair tuft or birth mark
Spina bfida cystica
- meningocele = sac contains meninges and CSF
- myelomeningocele = sac contains meninges, CSF and nerves and spinal cord

42
Q

What vitamin reduces rates of neural tube defects?

A

Folic acid

43
Q

What is formed by pharyngeal arch 1?

A

Muscles of mastication
Maxilla, mandible, zygomatic, temporal, palatine, vomer
Malleus incus

44
Q

What is formed by pharyngeal arch 2?

A

Muscles of facial expression
Styloid process
Lesser horn of hyoid
Stapes

45
Q

What is formed by pharyngeal arch 3?

A

Stylopharyngeus

Greater horn of hyoid

46
Q

What is formed by pharyngeal arch 4?

A

Muscles of the soft palate
Muscles of the pharynx
Cricothyorid
Laryngeal cartilage

47
Q

What is formed by pharyngeal arch 5?

A

Laryngeal muscles
Upper oesophageal muscle
Laryngeal cartilage

48
Q

What is formed by pharyngeal pouch 1?

A

Lining of the auditory tube and inner ear

49
Q

What is formed by pharyngeal pouch 2?

A

Palatine tonsil

50
Q

What is formed by pharyngeal pouch 3?

A

Inferior parathyroid gland

Thymus

51
Q

What is formed by pharyngeal pouch 4?

A

Superior parathyroid gland

52
Q

What is formed by pharyngeal membrane 1?

A

Tympanic membrane

53
Q

What forms the thyroid gland?

A

Endodermal lining of the primitive foregut

54
Q

Sensation to anterior 2/3 of the tongue

A 
Somatic = V3 lingual nerve 
Taste = chorda tympani of CN VII
55
Q

Sensation to posterior 1/3 of the tongue

A

CN IX

56
Q

Which arches form the tongue

A

Anterior 2/3 = 1

Posterior 1/3 = 2-4

57
Q

What forms the intermaxillary segment and what does it form?

A

Medial nasal prominence
Maxillary prominence
Forms the philtrum of the lip, palate and upper 4 incisors

58
Q

How is the nasolacrimal duct formed?

A

By the fusion of the lateral nasal prominece and the maxillary prominence

59
Q

What causes a cleft lip?

A

Failure of fusion of the medial nasal prominence and maxillary prominence

60
Q

What causes an anterior cleft palate?

A

Failure of the palatine shelves to fuse with the primary palate

61
Q

What causes a posterior cleft palate?

A

Failure of the palatine shelves to fuse with each other

62
Q

What causes a bifid nose?

A

Failure of the medial nasal prominences to fuse with each other

63
Q

What causes an oblique cleft?

A

Failure of the lateral nasal and maxillary prominences to fuse

64
Q

What does the heart start to beat?

A

Day 22

65
Q

What does the truncus arteriosus form?

A

Outflow tract

66
Q

What does the bulbis cordis form?

A

Smooth parts of the ventricles

67
Q

What does the primitive ventricle form?

A

Trabeculated ventricles

68
Q

What does the primitive atria form?

A

Trabeculated atria

69
Q

What does the sinus venosus form?

A

Coronary sinus and smooth atria

70
Q

What does the ureteric bud give rise to?

A

Ureters, renal pelvis, major and minor calyces, collecting ducts

71
Q

What does the metanephric mesoderm give rise to?

A

DCT, loop of Henle, PCT, Bowman’s capsule

72
Q

What is the difference between omphalocele and gastrochisis?

A 
Omphalocele/exomphalos = gut contents herniate into umbilicus so are inside a sac of peritoneum 
Gastrochisis = herniation of bowel through a weakness in the anterior abdominal wall with no covering of gut contents
73
Q

What level does the common iliac artery bifurcate?

A

L5/S1

74
Q

Which arteries from the internal iliac exit the pelvis?

A

Superior and inferior gluteal

Internal pudendal

75
Q

What is left of the umbilical artery?

A

Superior vesical arteries

Supplies the superior bladder

76
Q

What does the inferior vesical artery supply?

A

Only in males
Inferior bladder
Prostate
Seminal vesicle

77
Q

What does the vaginal artery supply?

A

Vagina
Inferior bladder
Some of the rectum

78
Q

GVAs in the lower body

A

Thorax and abdomen = sympathetic via T5-L2

Pelvic = parasympathetic via S2-4

79
Q

Where is the pelvic pain line?

A

Most of the uterus and top of the bladder –> abdomen

Base of the uterus, cervix, vagina, most of the bladder and urethra –> pelvic

80
Q

Lymphatic drainage of the female pelvis

A

Uterus –> internal iliac
Ovary –> para-aortic
Vulva –> superficial inguinal nodes (horizontal nodes)

2 - BB/HD (8 decks)

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