HD EX 1 REVIEW (5)

Question 1

Define Etiology…

Answer 1

the cause(s) of the disease

Question 2

What is the difference between a sign and a symptom?

Answer 2

sign is objective like temperature, and symptom is subjective like how the patient feels.

Question 3

How is a diagnosis made?

Answer 3

Evaluating manifestations such as signs, symptoms, and test results. Also physical exam and patients history (chief complaint, past med history, social history, and occupational history).

Question 4

What is palliative treatment?

Answer 4

Treatment that doesn’t affect the outcome of the disease.

Question 5

Define Inflammation…

Answer 5

The response of living tissue to injury. The inflammation process removes injured cells and debris and contains the area of injury.

Question 6

What 3 things may trigger inflammation?

Answer 6

4 things is physical (trauma, agents, foreign substances), chemical (poison), allergy, and microbes/infections.

Question 7

Describe the WBC’s found in inflammation. Which ones performs phagocytosis?

Answer 7

Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes: Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils
Mononuclear Leukocytes: Monocytes and Lymphocytes.
Neutrophils and Monocytes perform phagocytosis.

Question 8

What are the 4 phases of the inflammatory process?

Answer 8

1. Histamine released and blood flow increases as does permeability.
2. Neutrophils exudation.
3. Monocyte exudation.
4. Repair/Restoration.

Question 9

What are the way in which the Inflammatory process may end?

Answer 9

Could go 1 of 3 ways for repair/restoration:

1. Tissue restoration with varying scarring.
2. Abscess formation.
3. Granuloma formation.

Question 10

List the signs of inflammation.

Answer 10

Acute: redness, heat, swelling/edema, pain, fever, leukocytosis.

Question 11

How does chronic inflammation differ from acute?

Answer 11

Manifestations are less severe than acute because it happens slowly and gradually.

Question 12

Describe treatments for inflammation?

Answer 12

drugs like anti-inflammatory (reduce severity of process and its signs and symptoms), steroids (inhibit severity of exudation and edema), antihistamine (decrease severity when caused by allergy), antimicrobials (for infectious inflammation), rest and gradual exercise, and drainage of abscess.

Question 13

What are the cell types involved in cell-mediated immunity?

Answer 13

cytotoxic t cells (killer cells)
helper t cells
suppressor t cells

Question 14

Describe the cell-mediated immune process.

Answer 14

lymph nodes and lymphoid tissues -> t lymphocytes -> thymus gland ->

1. cytotoxic t cells (killer cells) secrete 2 substances called lymphotoxins and lymphokine to knock out and attract and get out of body.
2. helper cells stays activated and recognize if it comes back and will get killer t cells if returned.
3. suppressor cells call off killer t when done to minimize damage.

Question 15

What types of cells are involved in humoral immunity?

Answer 15

plasma cells and memory cells.

Question 16

Describe the humoral immune process.

Answer 16

lymph nodes and lymphoid tissue -> B. Lymphocytes ->

1. plasma cells (will become 1 of 5 types of antibodies) and act on antigens usually with killer t’s.
2. memory cells

Question 17

What are the ways that immunity may be acquired?

Answer 17

2 ways…active and passive.
Active is like vaccine, toxoid.
Passive is through preformed antibodies received through horse serum.

Question 18

Name the types of hypersensitivity reactions and give an example of each.

Answer 18

Allergy (hives), Cytotoxic (Rh), Immune Complex Mediated (reaction to strep throat and it damages kidneys), Cell Mediated (transplant rejection).

Question 19

Describe anaphylaxis.

Answer 19

systemic release of histamine causes low blood pressure and swollen airways.

Question 20

What causes AIDS and how is the agent usually spread?

Answer 20

HIV, a virus spread through transmission of body fluids, and it attacks the helper t cells which leads to AIDS

Question 21

Describe how AIDS affects the immune system.

Answer 21

helper t cells are destroys. immune system shuts down.

Question 22

Define autoimmunity and give an example of an auto-immune disease.

Answer 22

Antibodies form against body tissue. MS or Lupus.

Question 23

Define the 4 abnormalities of cell growth.

Answer 23

hyperplasia: increase in # of cells
hypertrophy: increase in size of cell
metaplasia: inner cell structure changes
neoplasia: new type of cellular growth like tumor

Question 24

Compare and contrast benign and malignant tumors.

Answer 24

benign tumors are well defined borders while malignant has vague borders.
benign appears similar to cell of origin, but malignant is dedifferentiated and appears to be very immature version of cell of origin.
Benign does not spread to other tissues, slow growth, and usually not fatal but malignant does spread, grows fast, and is highly fatal.

Question 25

Name a benign tumor found in cartilage. Name a malignant tumor found in bone.

Answer 25

chondroma

Question 26

Give examples of each etiology of malignant neoplasia.

Answer 26

Genetic predisposition, smoking, chemicals in food (carcinogen), environmental agents in water or air, radiation, hormones (can inhibit and encourage cancer), virus can stimulate neoplastic malignant growth.

Question 27

What are the limatations/drawbacks to surgical treatment of malignancies?

Answer 27

Its difficult to get all the cancer cells out of the body.

Question 28

What two types of treatment for malignancies are often combines?

Answer 28

Chemo and radiation.

Question 29

Describe the chromosome aberrations of Down’s syndrome, Klinefelter’s, and Turner’s.

Answer 29

Down syndrome is extra chromosome on the 21st chromosome.
Klinefelter’s is when there is an extra X chromosome on the 23rd sex chromosome (XXY).
Turner’s is when there is only one chromosome, an X on the 23rd sex chromosome (Xo)

Question 30

How do autosomal recessive disease usually occur?

Answer 30

When heterozygote (carriers) mate.

Question 31

Give three examples of autosomal recessive disease.

Answer 31

sickle cell, cystic fibrosis, PKU.

Question 32

Describe how sex-linked inherited disease usually occurs and give an example.

Answer 32

from heterozygote mother to son on the x of the 23rd chromosome.

Question 33

What is the usual etiology for congential defects?

Answer 33

anything that interferes with intrauterine development.

Question 34

Do the offspring of parents who had a congenital defect have a greater chance than usual of having the same congenital defect that the parent(s) had?

Answer 34

no

Question 35

What is it called when the number of cells are up (not the size of the cells)?

Answer 35

hyperplasia.

Question 36

Hemophilia usually occurs when?

Answer 36

with a carrier mother giving it to her son.

Question 37

What is the expected action of corticosteroids to treat inflammation?

Answer 37

inhibit severity of exudation and edema.

reduced edema caused by exudation?

Question 38

What abnormalities occur to cause Down Syndrome?

Answer 38

Cells fails to divide properly. Extra chromosome.

Question 39

Treatment is palliative when…

Answer 39

it will have no affect on the outcome of their disease.

Question 40

Metastasis is characteristic of

Answer 40

Malignant Neoplasia

Question 41

When a person is stung by a bee and the reaction is for blood vessels to dilate, what type of allergic reaction is this?

Answer 41

Anaphylactic.

Question 42

Following initial injury that triggers inflammation, what is the 2st stage of inflammation response?

Answer 42

Blood vessels in the area dilate to increase blood flow and their permeability increases (histamine is released).