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HUM DIS EXAM 1 > HD EX 1 IMMUNE SYSTEM (2) > Flashcards

HD EX 1 IMMUNE SYSTEM (2) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 types of immunity?

A

Non-specific and Specific Immunity.

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2
Q

Non-specific Immunity is…

A

a wide variety of factors that provide non-selective opposition to the invasion of the body by foreign protein-based substances (antigens). they don’t care what kind of protein it is it’s going to get rid of it.

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3
Q

Antigens

A

Foreign Proteins.

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4
Q

Examples of Non-Specific Immunity is…

A
  1. Inflammation.
  2. Mechanical Barrier, ie skin
  3. Enzyme Activity (especially in the GI tract. what you swallow is broken down starting in the mouth).
  4. Interferons (chemical released in response to ANY viral infection) - Interferons makes it harder for viruses like the cold and flu but they are also what makes you feel crummy and nauseous.
  5. pH (acid and alkaline) - GI system, the stomach has a pH of 3 that not many protein substances can last long at that level.
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5
Q

Specific Immunity responds to…

A

a specific antigen (foreign protein). Zeroes in on 1 foreign antigen.

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6
Q

There are 2 types of Specific Immune Actions.

A
  1. Cell-Mediated Immunity

2. Immunoglobulins Humoral Immunity

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7
Q

Cell-Mediated Immunity

A

Does not involve antibodies.
Lymph nodes and Lymphoid Tissue -> T. Lymphocytes -> Thymus Gland -> Activated Lymphocytes ->
1. Cytotoxic T Cells (killer cells): by secreting substances, lymphotoxins (knocks out) and lymphokines (attracts and gets out of body).
2. Helper T Cells (t4) stays active indefinitely and recognizes foreign protein if it comes back and will get killer cells.
3. Suppressor T Cells (t8) call off killer t cells when done to stop damage.

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8
Q

Immunoglobulins Humoral Immunity

A

Involves Antibodies.
Lymph nodes and Lymphoid Tissue -> B. Lymphocytes ->
1. Plasma Cells.
2. Memory Cells.
Antibodies act on antigen usually with killer t’s.

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9
Q

B. Lymphocytes, Plasma Cells will become 1 of 5 types of antibodies…

A
  1. IgG - most abundant; crosses placenta
  2. IgA - in plasma and mucus membrane
  3. IgD - not sure what it does, tends to form with IgA
  4. IgE - increased with allergy
  5. IgM - largest physically
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10
Q

Antigen-Antibody Complex Action:

Antigen is rendered harmless by one of a combination of the following…

A
  1. Precipitation - antigen becomes solid so can’t easily move into cell.
  2. Agglutination - the precipitate start to clump together.
  3. Opsonization - Usually lymphokine (marks it?)
  4. Neutralization - If antigen is bacteria, the antibody will figure out the chemical structure the bacteria is producing and produce a neutralizing substance.
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11
Q

Complement

A

A series of protein enzymes that attach to antigen-antibody complexes involving IgG and IgM. IMMUNE COMPLEXES MAY DAMAGE HOST CELLS AS WELL AS ANTIGEN

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12
Q

2 ways to acquire immunity without getting sick:

A
  1. active immunity

2. passive immunity

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13
Q

Active Immunity

A

Person forms antibodies by:

  1. Vaccine (deactivated bacteria or virus). Triggers immune system and create formations of t helper and memory cells. Ex: polio vaccine.
  2. Toxoid (chemically altered toxin). Ex: tetanus toxoid.
  3. Long-lived Immunity (requires time) lasts 10-15 years but takes 10-14 days to acquire the immunity.
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14
Q

Passive Immunity

A

Preformed antibodies received (usually in immune horse serum). Cultavated antibodies. Ex: stepped on a nail, need protection right away. Inject horse serum with T. lymph and B. Lymph.
Short lived. Lasts 10-14 days but serum is recognized as antigen so body will get rid of it as well.

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15
Q

Hypersensitivity

A

Immune response to antigen that is usually not harmful and response may cause harm.

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16
Q

4 types of hypersensitivity:

A
  1. Allergy
  2. Cytotoxic
  3. Immune Complex Mediated
  4. Cell Mediated
17
Q

Hypersensitivity: Allergy

A
  • Increased amount of IgE.
  • IgE and antigen attach to mast cell, forming antigen-antibody complex.
  • Mast cell releases histamine and other inflammatory mediators.
  • Local - Asthma (airways swell up, histamine in airway, make smooth muscle constrict making less room for air), hay fever, hives (urticaria), GI food allergy.
  • Generalized (throughout the body) - Anaphylaxis (systemic release of histamine causes low blood pressure and swollen airways and is life threatening) Each time you are exposed to an allergen it gets worse each time.
18
Q

Hypersensitivity: Cytotoxic

A
  • Complement attaches to IgG or IgM antigen-antibody complex (now called an immune complex).
  • Individual cells are lysed (most commonly RBCs)
  • Examples: Rh disease (Erythroblastosis Fetalis), Transfusion reactions (may also cause anaphylaxis)
19
Q

Hypersensitivity: Immune Complex Mediated

A
  • Immune complexes, ie IgG or IgM with complement activated, cause damage to large area of host tissue. Large surface area and complete organ systems.
  • Examples: Glomerulonephritis (damage to filter part of kidney), Rheumatic Fever (reaction to strep or staph infection)
20
Q

Hypersensitivity: Cell Mediated

A
  • T Lymphocytes (killer t’s) attack harmless antigenic substances.
  • May take 1-2 days to develop (quick)
  • Examples: transplant rejection, TB skin test
21
Q

Immune Deficiencies, 2 types with examples

A

Congenital:
-Agammaglobinemia (born without ability to make B. Lymphocytes and in severe versions T. Lymphocytes. Raised in sterile environment like bubble boy or will need bone marrow transplant.

Acquired:

  • Malignancies (cancer) of the bone marrow and lymphatic system (trouble with immunity)
  • Chemotherapy (damages marrow cells not just cancer cells)
  • Steroids (quells inflammation but also quells immune system)
  • AIDS
22
Q

AIDS

A

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome.

23
Q

AID etiology

A

HIV - Human Immunodeficiency Virus

24
Q

HIV can be found in

A

ALL BODY FLUIDS of infected persons but most easily transmitted by:

  • infected blood, semen, and vaginal secretions. (attacks t4 lymphocytes - has to get to unaffected blood)
  • unprotected exposure to body fluids puts everyone at risk, eg health care workers. (friction causes erosion and exposure through mucus membranes during unprotected sex).

High risk practices:
IV drug abuse
Unprotected sex (includes anal sex)

25
Q

AIDS Pathology

A
  • Virus attaches to the CD4+ protein on T-helper cells and destroys them (shuts down immune system)
  • Decreased t helper cells count makes patient prone to opportunistic infections, malignancies not normally seen in patients with intact immune systems, and direct CNS destruction (destroys brain tissue). 30s-40s with senile and cognitive problems.
26
Q

AIDS Progression

A

-HIV infection - HIV+ (HIV tests look for antibodies)
antibodies produced usually 1-6 months of exposure. the antibodies cannot control the virus!
-ARC - AIDS Related Complex
enlarged lymph nodes, chronic fever and fatigue, weight loss.
-Full blown AIDS - opportunistic infections and malignancies, and CNS damage
usually occurs when t helper cells count drops to less than 500 (usual count is 800-1200)

27
Q

Some opportunistic infections seen in AIDS

A

Viruses: herpes, cytomegalovirus, epstein barr (mono)
Fungi: Histoplasmosis, Coccidioidomcosis (valley fever), Candida, Pneumocystis Jiroveci (horrible pneumonia).
Protozoan: Cryptosporidiosis, toxoplamosis
Mycobacteria: TB, Mycobacterium Avium

28
Q

Malignancies Seen in AIDS

A

Kaposi’s Sarcoma (rare cancer) malignant nodules form on the skin and in the mouth, lymph nodes, and internal organs.
Squamous cell carcinomas in the mouth, rectum, and uterine cervix.

29
Q

AIDS Treatments

A

Current drug regimes prevent the virus from replicating. They control the virus but do not destroy it.
These drugs are costly and have many side effects!
-Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors and Nucleoside Analogs: AZT (Zidovudine), DDI (Didanosine), 3TC (Lamivudine) - 3 common Anti-AIDS drugs.
-Protease Inhibitors, usually end in -vir
-Fusion Inhibitors
-Palliative Surgeries: addressing symptoms, no effect on outcome of disease.

30
Q

AIDS Cocktails

A
  • Truvada
  • A combinaation of Tenofovir (viread) and Emtricitabine (emtriva)
  • Works so well it is being tried as a vaccine.
31
Q

Implications for Health Care Professionals

A
  • Frequent Handwashing
  • Barrier Protection for potential body fluid exposure (mask, gown, gloves, protective eyewear)
  • Careful technique during invasive procedure (the odds are in your favor. Less than 1/2 of 1% of all needle sticks)
  • HIV is not spread by casual contact.
32
Q

Autoimmune is…

A

antibodies form against body tissues. The only way to fight this is to turn off your immune system. Lose lose situation.

33
Q

Types of Autoimmune Diseases:

A
  1. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE or “lupus”) attacks collagen, the glue that holds body together.
  2. Rheumatoid Arthritis, attacks membrane that surrounds joints.
  3. Multiple Sclerosis, attacks myelin sheath of CNS and creates a lot of dead zones in CNS.
  4. Autoimmune diseases may be inherited, but a lot of times is caused by drug reaction, reaction to virus, environmental factors, or idiopathic (not sure why).

HUM DIS EXAM 1 (5 decks)

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