HD EX 1 NEOPLASIA (3)

Question 1

What is Neoplasia?

Answer 1

An abnormality of cell growth - a new type of cellular growth in a tissue, ie tumor.

Question 2

4 types of abnormalities of cell growth are…

Answer 2

1. Hyperplasia: Number of cells increases. Cells are normal but too many of them.
2. Hypertrophy: Size of cells increases. Ex: bodybuilders muscle cells are hypertrophic.
3. Metaplasia: Size and number stay the same but the cell morphology changes (may be a pre-cancerous sign). There is a change in the cell inner structure.
4. NEOPLASIA: a new type of celluluar growth in a tissue, ie tumor.

Question 3

2 categories of neoplasia are…

Answer 3

benign (relatively harmless unless a vital area is involved) or malignant (cancerous and can grow and then spread throughout body).

Question 4

Benign characteristics:

Answer 4

Benign:
well defined, often encapsulated.
appear similar to cell of origin.
does not spread to other tissues.
slow growth
usually not fatal

Question 5

Malignant characteristics:

Answer 5

Malignant:
Very invasive with vague borders.
Dedifferentiated, appear to be very immature version of cell origin.
Metastasis, spreads via blood or lymph to other tissues/organs.
Rapid growth.
High fatality.

Question 6

Slide of Benign and Malignant shows…

Answer 6

benign is solid while malignant is spread out.

Question 7

Death is usually due to complications caused by cancer…

Answer 7

not the cancer itself. It is the organ dysfunction it leads to that kills the patient not the cancer itself.

Question 8

Neoplasm Nomenclature for Benign:

Answer 8

Tissue of origin + -oma

Question 9

Neoplasm Nomenclature for

benign tumor in glandular tissue is

Answer 9

adenoma

Question 10

Neoplasm Nomenclature for

benign tumor in bone is

Answer 10

osteoma

Question 11

Neoplasm Nomenclature for

benign tumor in fatty tissue is

Answer 11

lipoma

Question 12

Neoplasm Nomenclature for Malignant:

Answer 12

Tissue of origin is epithelial (functional tissue in organs) than add suffix -carcinoma
Tissue of origin is bone, muscle, cartilage, or connective tissue add suffix -sarcoma

Question 13

Neoplasm Nomenclature for

malignant tumor in glandular tissue is

Answer 13

adenocarcinoma

Question 14

Neoplasm Nomenclature for

malignant tumor in bone is

Answer 14

osteosarcoma

Question 15

Neoplasm Nomenclature Exceptions!

Answer 15

1. Melanoma and Lymphoma are usually malignant. Usually need a biopsy so will add results of biopsy in front afterwards. Need to see adjective in front of term (benign melanoma or malignant melanoma).
2. Glioma is highly fatal malignancy of glial cells in the CNS

Question 16

Etiology (cause) of Malignant Neoplasia (cancer)

Answer 16

1. chemicals/carcinogens: chemicals used in food, cosmetics, plastics.
2. smoking
3. genetic predisposition: ABILITY or INABILITY to fight neoplastic malignant growth.
4. viruses: stimulate neoplastic malignant growth
5. hormones: can ENCOURAGE or INHIBIT neoplastic malignant growth
6. radiation: damages nucleus of cell and causes neoplastic malignant growth to start.
7. environmental agents: usually a carcinogen leaks into water, air.

Question 17

Treatment for Neoplasia (Benign)

Answer 17

Surgical Resection

Question 18

Treatment for Neoplasia (Malignant)

Answer 18

Surgery to remove all of tumor if feasible and if tumor has not metastasized. Palliative surgery may be done for symptom relief.

Radiation therapy kills rapidly dividing cells and can be done by penetration or implantation.

Chemotherapy often done in conjunction with radiation therapy.

Hormone Therapy - some hormones inhibit malignant neoplasia while others stimulate it. Hormone therapy may involve removing stimulating hormones (castration) or adding inhibiting hormones.

Question 19

Types of chemotherapy:

Answer 19

1. Alkylating agents - that inhibit tumor growth by reacting with DNA (nitrogen mustard, cytoxan)
2. Antimetabolites - compete with tumor metabolites in producing nucleic acid (methotrexate)
3. Plant alkaloids - alter protein synthesis and nucleic acids (vincristine)

Question 20

Chemotherapy’s side effects…

Answer 20

many side effects, some pt. find chemo worse than the cancer!