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HUM DIS EXAM 1 > HD EX 1 INFLAMMATION (1) > Flashcards

HD EX 1 INFLAMMATION (1) Flashcards

1
Q

Disease

A

Altered function/physiology of a body organ or system.

It’s not working like it’s suppose to

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2
Q

Etiology

A 
The cause(s) of the disease. 
(Many diseases have more than one cause.  Ex: infection, trauma, diet, environment, heredity)
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3
Q

Pathology

A

The actual abnormal physiology that produces the diseases and its manifestations.
(How the disease progresses)

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4
Q

Pathology produces different what?

A

Manifestations in the patient.

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5
Q

What are two types of manifestations and describe them?

A
  1. Signs - Physical observations or measurements that you can objectively see or measure like pulse, blood pressure, temperature, etc. (OBJECTIVE)
  2. Symptoms - What the patient says or feels like pain, difficulty breathing, etc. (SUBJECTIVE)
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6
Q

What is a diagnosis?

A

Determining the disease process by evaluating the manifestations (signs, symptoms, test findings) along with the patients history and physical exams and tests.

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7
Q

What is a patient’s history?

A

Chief complaint, past medical history, social history, and occupational history…what they do or did for a job

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8
Q

What do physical exams and tests obtain?

A

Signs and symptoms.

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9
Q

What is a prognosis?

A

Prediction of the outcome, usually expressed as likelihood of recovery or survival.

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10
Q

Besides signs and symptoms, what is another category of disease manifestations that is used to make a diagnosis?

A

Test findings.

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11
Q

What are the 3 types of Laboratory Tests and give examples?

A
  1. Blood and body fluids tests: CBC (complete blood count), electrolytes (chemistry test that tells about different electrolyte levels like potassium), UA (urine analysis), etc…
  2. Cytology (study of cells): biopsies (sample is sent to a lab), sputum samples (loogies).
  3. Bacteriologic studies (usually a tissue sample): C & S (culture & sensitivity is when a sample of tissue is sent to a lab and you can see if bacteria grows and what meds are effective), Gram staining (depending on how the tissue stains you can tell what kind of bacteria it is), AFB (acid fast basilli is when you rinse with acid and if the color doesn’t rinse off it tells you what you have)
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12
Q

Radiologic Tests

A

Simple chest x-ray showing TB in the left lung.

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13
Q

Why do you use a Radiologic Tests using a contrast medium (dye)?

A

Some areas don’t show up well on x-ray so a contrast medium or dye is needed.Angiogram of carotid artery.

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14
Q

Radionuclide Test (Scintiscans - Imaging Tests)

A

Administer a low level radioisotope and then scanning the area with a Geiger counter-type imaging device. Bone scan of head chest and pelvis showing tumors - dark areas are tumors, it should be white.

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15
Q

CT Scans. What does CT stand for and what is a CT scan? What is the drawbacks?

A

Computerized Tomography.
Different planes or slices are x-rayed and then a computer generates a composite 3-D image.
Drawbacks is expensive and lot of exposure to radiation.

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16
Q

CT Scan slide

A

Slide shows: arrow shows a lung tumor, arrow shows cyst in kidney

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17
Q

MRI. What does MRI stand for? What is it?

A

Magnetic Resonance Imaging.
Similar to CT scan BUT uses magnetism and radio frequencies INSTEAD of ionizing radiation to create an image. Used on boney cavities like the skull.
Expensive but no radiation. Drawback of MRI is it exposes body to entire magnetic field. Used to put whole body but now can just scan parts of body.
Slide shows: tumor on brain stem.

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18
Q

EKG or ECG. What does it stand for and what is it?

A

Electrocardiogram.
Tracing of the electrical activity of the heart by placing electrodes on the arms, legs, and chest.
It tells a lot of what’s going on in the heart.
Horizontal: Time
Vertical: Potential Change
Big Spikes: Ventricle contracts
Little Spikes: Atrium contracts

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19
Q

EEG. What does it stand for and what is it?

A

Electroencephalogram.
Tracing of the electrical activity of the brain by placing electrodes on the head.
Horizontal: Time
Vertical: Potential Change or voltage changes
Slide shows: EEG when normal (small squiggly lines) and during a grand mal seizure the spikes get bigger.

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20
Q

DMS. What does it stand for and what is it?

A

Diagnostic Medical Sonography.
Ultrasound.
Image created by the echoes of high frequency sound waves.
Most common is on the abdomen during pregnancy and is popular because it doesn’t expose mother or baby to any harm.

21
Q

What is an Endoscopy?

Examples.

A

Examination within the body. Using a scope to view the inside of the body through a natural orifice or through a small surgical incision.
Bronchoscopy (look at lungs through nose), Esophagogastroscopy (look at stomach through nose), Laparoscopy (look at abdominal issues, used to be invasive but less invasive now).

22
Q

What are PFT’s?

A

Pulmonary Function Tests. Measurement of lung volumes and flow rates. How much air and how fast.

23
Q

Once diagnosis is made what happens?

A

Once diagnosis is made treatment can be decided.

24
Q

What are the two types of treatments?

A

Therapeutic treatment: affects the outcome of the disease (drugs, radiation, surgery, nutrition, exercise, etc).
Palliative treatment: treating symptoms only without affecting the outcome (surgery for pain relief with a terminal disease). EX: cold/flu is palliative treatment to make symptoms better!

25
Q

INFLAMMATION:

What is inflammation?

A

The response of living tissue to injury. The inflammatory process removes injured cells and debris and contains the area of injury to allow healing to occur. Inflammation is a good thing.

26
Q

What are the 4 triggers of inflammation?

A
  1. Physical
  2. Chemical
  3. Allergy
  4. Infection/Microbes
27
Q

What are physical triggers of inflammation?

A

Physical: Trauma (injury), Foreign Substances, Physical Agents (radiation, temperature extremes).

28
Q

What are chemical triggers of inflammation?

A

Chemical: poisons, acids, venoms

29
Q

What are allergic triggers of inflammation?

A

Allergies: The body things cells are being injured but they are not.

30
Q

What are infection/microbes triggers of inflammation?

A

Infection/Microbes: Bacteria viruses, fungi

31
Q

Are infections the same thing as inflammation?

A

No they are not the same thing. Infection is one of the 4 triggers of inflammation. A common trigger is presence of microbes.

32
Q

What is Septicemia (Sepsis)?

A

Infection spreads via the blood stream and causes infectious inflammation in many body tissues/systems. To save someone from Sepsis the level of anti-microbial drugs can be toxic.

33
Q

What are the two types of Whilte Blood Cells (WBCs)?

A

Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes (PMNs) and Mononuclear Leukocytes

34
Q

What are the 3 types of PMNs (WBC)? Describe them.

A
  1. Neutrophils: Largest quantity of the WBCs. Preforms phagocytosis, the defender cell engulfs and breaks down the bad).
  2. Eosinophils: Number increases with allergies. They don’t cause allergies, they help to diminish it.
  3. Basophils: Contain histamine. Migrate out of blood stream and become mast cells (GI system).
35
Q

What is the largest quantity of WBCs and are they PMNs or Mononuclear WBC’s?

A

Neutrophils, PMN

36
Q

What are Neutrophils?

A

PMN’s (WBC) that are the largest in numbers and they are defender cells that engulf and break down the bad (phagocytosis).

37
Q

What WBC’s increase in number with allergy and are they PMN’s or Mononuclear WBCs?

A

Eosinophils, PMN’s.

38
Q

What WBC’s contain histamine and become mast cells when they migrate out of the blood stream? Are they PMN’s or Mononuclear WBCs?

A

Basophils, PMN’s.

39
Q

What are the 2 types of Mononuclear Leukocytes (WBCs)? Describe them.

A
  1. Monocytes: Largest in size of the WBCs. Perfoms phagocytosis but they are bigger and don’t get there as fast. Called Macrophages or Histiocytes when they migrate out of the blood.
  2. Lymphocytes: Second largest in quantity. Release lymphotoxin and lymphokine. More active in the immune process.
40
Q

Which WBC’s perform phagocytosis, and what is phagocytosis?

A

Neutrophils and Monocytes. Phagocytosis is when a cell engulfs and breaks down the bad.

41
Q

What are the 4 stages of inflammation after trauma and infection occur (2 triggers to inflammation)?

A
  1. Histamine releases and blood flow increases as does permeability. Histamine makes blood vessels dilate so more neutrophil and monocytes can get out.
  2. Neutrophils exudation. Neutrophils start performing phagocytosis and liquid leaks out which is swelling.
  3. Monocyte exudation. Monocytes finish phagocytosis.
  4. Repair/Restoration. Healing. 1 of 3 ways or combo.
42
Q

Repair & Restoration…The inflammation process may end in one of three ways. What are they?

A
  1. Tissue Restoration with varying amounts of scarring.
  2. Abscess Formation.
  3. Granuloma Formation.
43
Q

Repair & Restoration (1/3)

Tissue restoration with varying amounts of scarring:

A

1 Neutrophils phagocytize bacteria.
2 Fibroblasts produce fibers.
3 Fibers contract, drawing cut surfaces together
1 Blood clot forms
2 Dried clot forms scab
(Once phagocytosis is done fibroblasts produce fibers and the fibers contract, drawing cut surfaces together)
Especially places like skin or liver.

44
Q 
Repair & Restoration (2/3)
Abscess Formation (liquid):
A

Once phagocytosis is done, there is still lots of dead WBCs, dead tissue cells, and dead microbe cells. To get complete healing the abscess becomes pus and is absorbed by the body or drained through surface of the skin.
In brain you usually have to drill hole to drain - brain tissue is not highly regenerative.
Slide: Brain Abscess. Pus consists of dead tissue, WBCs, and microbes.

45
Q 
Repair & Restoration (3/3)
Granuloma Formation (when foreign material or microbes can't be phagocytosed)
A

Center of injured tissue cannot be phagocytosed. Some microbes will form granuloma (TB and MSRA) or it can be a foreign material like glass or skin. It is walled off section (solid). May be eventually broken down, surgically removed, or pushed up and out of the body.
Slide: Finger with a Granuloma formation. Non-phagocytosed material surrounded by WBCs and fibrous tissue. Granuloma has a solid center while an abscess has a liquid (pus) center.

46
Q

Acute Inflammation Manifestations

A 
Sudden and Intense.
Localized due to increase bloodflow and permeability (plasma flows out with neutrocytes+ monocytes).
Redness
Heat
Swelling/Edema
Pain - nerve ending become sensitive
Fever
Leukocytosis - CBC will show increase of WBC count
47
Q

Chronic Inflammation

A

Starts slow, develops gradually and never quite hits the repair and recovery phase.
Insidious and long lasting. Exudation and repair occur together.
There is less exudate and it has monocytes, lymphocytes, and plasma cells but NO NEUTROPHILS (neutrophils show up quick and exit quit).
Fibrosis (scarring). A lot of scarring because exudation and repair are happening together and scar tissue takes up space.
Manifestations are less severe than acute becaues it happens slowly and gradually.
Ex: arthritis
Chronic Inflammation at the heart and brain is bad because they do not regenerate well in those areas.

48
Q

Treatment for Inflammation

A

Drugs (don’t want to stop inflammation because it is good, just want to take the edge off):

  1. Anti-inflammatory drugs like aspirin, acetaminophen (tylenol), ibuprofen (advil), naprosin (alleve) but hard on stomach lining. They reduce severity of process and its signs and symptoms. 2. Steroids: Inhibit severity of exudation and edema. Especially due to allergies or physical, but there are lots of side effects.
  2. Antihistamines: decrease severity of inflammation when caused by allergy.
  3. Antimicrobials: for infectious inflammation. Antibiotics kill bacteria, not fungal or viruses.

Rest and gradual exercise especially arms and legs.

Drainage of abscess. for complete recovery you have to drain the abscess.

HUM DIS EXAM 1 (5 decks)

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