HCS2023 WEEK 3 LECTURE

Question 1

what is echolalia

Answer 1

repetition of phrases

Question 2

what is person first, or identity first language

Answer 2

person first= person with autism
identity first= I am autistic

Question 3

what is ableist language when refer to ASD

Answer 3

deficits, impairments, difficulties used to define individual (high/low severity of autism vs using strength based approach)
Leo has no verbal language, vs can use gesture to communicate, can be supported by Makaton

Question 4

what is a criticism of DSM-5 ASD criteria

Answer 4

focuses on impairments (medical model), pathologising neurodivergent characteristics
call for difference approach- neurodiversity paradigm

Question 5

in ASD diagnostic criteria, A is persistent deficits in social communication, social interaction across multiple contexts, manifested by what 3 subcategories

Answer 5

deficits in socio-emotional reciprocity
deficits in nonverbal communicative behaviours used for social interaction
deficits in developing, maintaining, understanding relationships

Question 6

in ASD diagnostic criteria, B is restricted, repetitive patterns of behaviour, interests, activities, manifested by at least 2 of what subcategories

Answer 6

1. stereotyped, repetitive motor movements, use of object/speech
2. insistence of sameness, inflexible adherence to routine, ritualised pattern of verbal/nonverbal behaviour
3. highly restricted, fixated interest that are abnormal in intensity of focus
4. hyper/hypo reactivity to sensory input, unusual interest in sensory aspect of environment

Question 7

apart from social function, routines, what other 3 criteria are included in ASD diagnosis

Answer 7

1. present early in dev (but may not become fully manifested until social demand exceed limited capacirty, masking)
2. symptom causes clniically signif impair on soc, occup func
3. not better explained by IDD, GDD, can cooccur and made commorbid ASD diagnosis

Question 8

why may a diagnostic assessment be difficult for identifying ASD

Answer 8

may mask and unable to see what they are like at home and relaxed
adult can tell you they mask, but nonverbal child cannot

Question 9

outline Kanner (1940) view of autism

Answer 9

behavioural syndrome and autistic psychopathy with confusion over whether autism same as childhood schizophrenia, hearing loss and other conditions

Question 10

outline Wing & Gould (1970-80) view of autism

Answer 10

autism continuum of severity and triad of impairment (communication, socialisation, imagination)

Question 11

compare DSM-3 (80s) criteria to DSM-5

Answer 11

DSM3= pervasive lack of responsiveness to other and gross language dev deficit, absence of hallucination/delusion
DSM5= persistent deficit in soc comm, interaction across multiple context, restrictive pattern, currently allow multi-diag

Question 12

for DSM-3 diagnosed autism, how prevalent was intellectual disability comorbidity as compared to DSM-5

Answer 12

75% common, many minimal verbal, mostly in special educational setting
25%, minority and mainly in mainstream school

Question 13

compare incidence of autism in 1980’s vs 2018

Answer 13

6/10,000 underdiagnosing male to female 10:1
1/100 overdiagnosing, male to female is 3:1

Question 14

from a population-based survery in primary care data, what is the incidence of autism and why

Answer 14

increased, with increasing greater in female>male, adult>children
more likely from increased reporting, application of diagnosis in “high functioning” adult
more widely recognised, not just child with associated severe learning disability

Question 15

summarise what autism advocates suggest spectrum actually looks like

Answer 15

functionings transient, vary from times/place
different difficulties in different traits (social skills, fixations, routines, sensory issues, stimming, perception, EF, other)

Question 16

how can social constructs in modern life impact autism

Answer 16

new academies (business run) focus on social control and norms, leads to especially in girls masking, feelings of anxiety, not feeling like they can fit in

Question 17

triad of impairment is an old approach, what does it include

Answer 17

socialisation, communication, imagination

Question 18

for triad of impairment, outline impairment of socialisation

Answer 18

delayed social development, lacking ability of understanding, interpreting social signal, behaviour, difficulty initiating social contact and forming rel
lack reciprocal interest (withdrawal, isolation and alienation)
can appear stilted, or over-formal

Question 19

what behaviours were used as evidence of “impaired socialisation” (triad theory)

Answer 19

unusual eye gaze, atypical body posture, absent gestures, unusual facial expression

Question 20

for triad of impairment, outline impairment of communication

Answer 20

limited spoken language or is non-effective
impact on learning, others can be very competent (spectrum, struggle in other aspects)
early diagnostic marker

Question 21

what are common communicative features used in ASD diagnosing (triad model)

Answer 21

echolalia (implicate gestalt language processing)
perseveration
stereotyped, idiosyncratic language
neologism/jargon (words, do not sound like it)
pronoun reversal
monotone
difficulties in word finding, syntax

Question 22

individuals with ASD can struggle with inferential use of language (triad model), what type of words can this include

Answer 22

deictic words (here, there, this)
time (before, after)
humour, irony
metaphors, similie
narrative (noncoherence)
clock is at wall, not clock nis on wall

Question 23

for triad of impairment, outline impairment of imagination

Answer 23

rigid thought, behaviour and poor imagination abilities
delayed pretend play, scripted imagination (routined), stereotyped behaviour, stimming (can be sensorimotor or obses-compul)
focus on detail, sensory property
can show perceived obsessive interests, factual knowledge

Question 24

summarise an original definition for Aspergers

Answer 24

children with autistic psychopathy, presenting with restricted and repetitive interests, using unusual, overly formal way of language, appear clumbsy both socially and physically, but as intellectually able
controversy regard if “high-functioning autism” or if disorder
no longer formally in DSM-5

Question 25

name 3 other diagnosises that are no longer in DSM-5

Answer 25

high functioning autism
Aspergers
pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS)

Question 26

define neurodevelopmental disorders

Answer 26

complex genetic and environmental factors come together to change brain development, tend to run in families, suggesting common causes

Question 27

name examples of NDD

Answer 27

ADS, ADHD, LD, DLD, motor coordination disorder, and autism