HCS2023 WEEK 3 LECTURE Flashcards
what is echolalia
repetition of phrases
what is person first, or identity first language
person first= person with autism
identity first= I am autistic
what is ableist language when refer to ASD
deficits, impairments, difficulties used to define individual (high/low severity of autism vs using strength based approach)
Leo has no verbal language, vs can use gesture to communicate, can be supported by Makaton
what is a criticism of DSM-5 ASD criteria
focuses on impairments (medical model), pathologising neurodivergent characteristics
call for difference approach- neurodiversity paradigm
in ASD diagnostic criteria, A is persistent deficits in social communication, social interaction across multiple contexts, manifested by what 3 subcategories
deficits in socio-emotional reciprocity
deficits in nonverbal communicative behaviours used for social interaction
deficits in developing, maintaining, understanding relationships
in ASD diagnostic criteria, B is restricted, repetitive patterns of behaviour, interests, activities, manifested by at least 2 of what subcategories
- stereotyped, repetitive motor movements, use of object/speech
- insistence of sameness, inflexible adherence to routine, ritualised pattern of verbal/nonverbal behaviour
- highly restricted, fixated interest that are abnormal in intensity of focus
- hyper/hypo reactivity to sensory input, unusual interest in sensory aspect of environment
apart from social function, routines, what other 3 criteria are included in ASD diagnosis
- present early in dev (but may not become fully manifested until social demand exceed limited capacirty, masking)
- symptom causes clniically signif impair on soc, occup func
- not better explained by IDD, GDD, can cooccur and made commorbid ASD diagnosis
why may a diagnostic assessment be difficult for identifying ASD
may mask and unable to see what they are like at home and relaxed
adult can tell you they mask, but nonverbal child cannot
outline Kanner (1940) view of autism
behavioural syndrome and autistic psychopathy with confusion over whether autism same as childhood schizophrenia, hearing loss and other conditions
outline Wing & Gould (1970-80) view of autism
autism continuum of severity and triad of impairment (communication, socialisation, imagination)
compare DSM-3 (80s) criteria to DSM-5
DSM3= pervasive lack of responsiveness to other and gross language dev deficit, absence of hallucination/delusion
DSM5= persistent deficit in soc comm, interaction across multiple context, restrictive pattern, currently allow multi-diag
for DSM-3 diagnosed autism, how prevalent was intellectual disability comorbidity as compared to DSM-5
75% common, many minimal verbal, mostly in special educational setting
25%, minority and mainly in mainstream school
compare incidence of autism in 1980’s vs 2018
6/10,000 underdiagnosing male to female 10:1
1/100 overdiagnosing, male to female is 3:1
from a population-based survery in primary care data, what is the incidence of autism and why
increased, with increasing greater in female>male, adult>children
more likely from increased reporting, application of diagnosis in “high functioning” adult
more widely recognised, not just child with associated severe learning disability
summarise what autism advocates suggest spectrum actually looks like
functionings transient, vary from times/place
different difficulties in different traits (social skills, fixations, routines, sensory issues, stimming, perception, EF, other)
how can social constructs in modern life impact autism
new academies (business run) focus on social control and norms, leads to especially in girls masking, feelings of anxiety, not feeling like they can fit in
triad of impairment is an old approach, what does it include
socialisation, communication, imagination
for triad of impairment, outline impairment of socialisation
delayed social development, lacking ability of understanding, interpreting social signal, behaviour, difficulty initiating social contact and forming rel
lack reciprocal interest (withdrawal, isolation and alienation)
can appear stilted, or over-formal
what behaviours were used as evidence of “impaired socialisation” (triad theory)
unusual eye gaze, atypical body posture, absent gestures, unusual facial expression
for triad of impairment, outline impairment of communication
limited spoken language or is non-effective
impact on learning, others can be very competent (spectrum, struggle in other aspects)
early diagnostic marker
what are common communicative features used in ASD diagnosing (triad model)
echolalia (implicate gestalt language processing)
perseveration
stereotyped, idiosyncratic language
neologism/jargon (words, do not sound like it)
pronoun reversal
monotone
difficulties in word finding, syntax
individuals with ASD can struggle with inferential use of language (triad model), what type of words can this include
deictic words (here, there, this)
time (before, after)
humour, irony
metaphors, similie
narrative (noncoherence)
clock is at wall, not clock nis on wall
for triad of impairment, outline impairment of imagination
rigid thought, behaviour and poor imagination abilities
delayed pretend play, scripted imagination (routined), stereotyped behaviour, stimming (can be sensorimotor or obses-compul)
focus on detail, sensory property
can show perceived obsessive interests, factual knowledge
summarise an original definition for Aspergers
children with autistic psychopathy, presenting with restricted and repetitive interests, using unusual, overly formal way of language, appear clumbsy both socially and physically, but as intellectually able
controversy regard if “high-functioning autism” or if disorder
no longer formally in DSM-5
name 3 other diagnosises that are no longer in DSM-5
high functioning autism
Aspergers
pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS)
define neurodevelopmental disorders
complex genetic and environmental factors come together to change brain development, tend to run in families, suggesting common causes
name examples of NDD
ADS, ADHD, LD, DLD, motor coordination disorder, and autism
