Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Cellulaire Oncologie > HC9- Invasion & metastasis > Flashcards

HC9- Invasion & metastasis Flashcards

1
Q

primary tumors are noticed when they

A

influence the function of organs or tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

percentage of deaths caused by primary tumors

A

10%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

tumors in certain tissues have

A

high metastatic potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

example high metastatic potential

A

primary melanomas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

examples low metastatic potential (2)

A
  • basal cell carcinomas skin
  • astrocytomas
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

invasion-metastasis cascade

A

primary tumor formation - local invasion - intravasation - transport through circulation - arrest in microvessels of various organs - extravasation - colonization = formation of micrometastasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

carcinomas location

A

thin sheets of epithelial cells sit on top of deep, complex layers of stroma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

malignant cells that breach the basement membrane gain exces to

A

growth factors and blood supply

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

carcinomas charachteristic

A

breaching basement membrane of epithelium with proteases that cleave the ECM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

intravasation

A

cancer cells enter blood vessels from stroma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

for the invasion of the lumen of capillaries > cooperation between

A

carcinoma cells, macrophages and endothelial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

intravasation stimulated by signaling

A

EGF from macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

blood

A

hostile environment for carcinoma cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

hostile environment because of (4)

A
  • no contact with other cells
  • hydrodynamic stress
  • no stromal support
  • diameter of carcinoma cells is larger > 3-8 um
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

circulating cancer cells are a

A

readout value for therapy efficacy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

readout value therapy efficacy (2)

A
  • comparison between cancers and patients is complicated
  • measuring tumor DNA in blood > accumulated mutations and translocations
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

circulating cancer cells spend very little time in circulation because they

A

are immobilized in the lungs > can escape to other organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

primary mechanism metastasis

A

trapping in small vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

extravasation

A

invasion into surrounding tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

for extravasation help is needed from

A

macrophages for certain factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

forms of extravasation (2)

A
  • through the vessel wall
  • growth within the vessel
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

colonization

A

most complex step

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

first step colonization

A

formation of micrometastases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

probability for the formation of a macroscopic metastase

A

low

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

micrometastases breastcancer

A

30% of patients have hundred-thousand micrometastases in the bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

presence of micrometastases

A

indactive for a bad prognosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

initial micrometastases

A

genetically distinct > cells that were able to disseminate but not colonize > strong selective pressure

27
Q

second wave of metastases

A

genetically similar > well adapted cells > faster growth in hostile environments

28
Q

metastatic showers

A

responsible for most deaths > metastases of metastases

29
Q

micrometastases can

A

remain dormant for a long time

30
Q

epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)

A

shedding of epithelial phenotype and detaching

31
Q

EMT is necessary for

A

motility and invasiveness

32
Q

EMT is essential in

A

embryogenesis and wound healing

33
Q

EMT can occur through fundemental changes in gene expression

A
  • downregulation of E-cadherin and cytokeratins
  • upregulation of vimitin
34
Q

vimitin

A

intermediate filament mesenchymal tissue

35
Q

EMT is seen at

A

edges of carcinomas that invade

36
Q

E-cadherin

A

tethered to the actin filaments via a complex of alpha and beta catenins

37
Q

E-cadherin cancer

A
  • internalized
  • expression suppressed
38
Q

suppressed expression of E-cadherin in carcinoma

A

breast, colon, prostate, stomach, liver, esophagus, skin, kidney and lung

39
Q

EMT induction

A

stromal signals can be conveyed by many factors that act in paracrine/autocrine fashion

40
Q

tumor-associated macrophages express

A

TNF-alpha, EGF

41
Q

factors expressed in embryogenesis and wound healing

A

snail, slug, twist

42
Q

EMT transcription factors can

A

induce a stem cell state > critical for metastasis

43
Q

mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET) occurs

A

after extravasation and invasion of other tissues > helps to colonize

44
Q

extracellular proteases

A

excavate a passage through ECM

45
Q

ECM contains

A

fibronectin, tenascin, laminin, collagens and proteoglycans

46
Q

matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are secreted by

A

macrophages, mast cells and fibroblasts

47
Q

activities of MMPs occur with

A

normal cell proliferation and tissue maintenance

48
Q

controling MMPs

A

excreted as inactive pro-enzymes > must be cleaved by other proteases

49
Q

proteolysis in cancer

A

continous process

50
Q

ectotopic expression of MMPs

A

carcinogenesis

51
Q

network of lymphatic vessels in tissue

A

drain interstitial fluid

52
Q

lymhatic vessels in cancer and stimulated cells

A

generation is promoted

53
Q

collapse of lymphatic vessels in cancer

A

insufficient pressure

54
Q

cancer cell positive lymph nodes

A

surrogate marker of metastasis

55
Q

tropism

A

diffent cancers display distinct tropism towarda colonizing various organs or tissues

56
Q

explanation tropism

A

certain cancer cells are uniquely equipped

57
Q

seed and soil hypothesis

A

metastatizing cancer cells (seeds) find a compatible home in certain hospitable tissues (soil)

58
Q

sites of metastasis (5)

A
  • seed and soil hypothesis
  • determined by layout vessels
  • sites of chronic inflammation
  • tumor self-seeding
  • vascular ZIP-code
59
Q

sites of chronic inflammation

A

can attract certain cells

60
Q

tumor self-seeding

A

tropism towards site of primary tumor

61
Q

vascular ZIP-code

A

receptors on the walls of capillaries attract circulating tumor cells

62
Q

dormant micrometastases can

A

reduce long-term survival > non-cycling > therapy resistant

63
Q

immune system may suppress growth of

A

micrometastases

64
Q

genetic determinants of metastases

A

only a subpopulation of the genetic diversity of the primary tumor found

Cellulaire Oncologie (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions