HC.7 Flashcards
Name some characteristics of the personality disorders in general
- rigid inflexible thoughts, feelings, actions and impulse regulation
- originates in our early development
- present in late adolescence/ early adulthood
- dysfunctional (sometimes only experienced by others)
- related to high healthcare costs, healthcare consumption, societal costs & lower quality of life
- the disorder is a part of who we are as a person > connected to personality
What does egosyntone mean?
The behaviors are consistent with self-image, seen as ‘normal’, cannot imagine otherwise. This is associated with personality disorders
What does egodystone mean?
Not consistent with self-image or part of the self. Causes conflict and distress. People didn’t always behave this way. This is associated with syndrome disorders.
Name some characteristics of normal personality and traits.
- a habitual way of thinking, feeling and acting (big 5)
- consistent across situations, however large situational variance
- first thought that personality was stable and shaped around 18 years and remains unchanged, but now personality is more stable with increasing age, with largest changes around 20-30. So personality becomes more adaptive with increasing age.
Explain and describe the meta-analyse study that found evidence for the changability of personality.
General:
- Graph Description: The general personality trait shows a steady increase until around age 30, after which it stabilizes and slightly declines in older age.
- Interpretation: Overall personality maturation occurs, with individuals generally becoming more stable in their traits by middle age.
Agreeableness:
- Graph Description: Agreeableness increases steadily until around age 50 and then shows a slight decline.
- Interpretation: People generally become more agreeable as they age, possibly due to increased life experience and social harmony priorities.
Emotional Stability:
- Graph Description: Emotional stability increases significantly throughout the lifespan.
- Interpretation: As people age, they tend to become more emotionally stable, likely due to increased life experience and emotional regulation abilities.
Extraversion:
- Graph Description: Extraversion shows a slight increase in early years, but steadily declines after around age 30.
- Interpretation: Younger individuals may be more extroverted, but as responsibilities and social roles change, there may be a decrease in extraverted behaviors.
Conscientiousness:
- Graph Description: Conscientiousness increases steadily until around age 40 and then stabilizes and slightly declines in older age.
- Interpretation: People tend to become more conscientious as they take on more responsibilities, but this may plateau and decrease slightly in older age.
Openness:
- Graph Description: Openness shows an initial increase, peaking in the early 20s, then a steady decline.
- Interpretation: Younger individuals are generally more open to new experiences, but this openness tends to decrease with age as routines and preferences become more established.
Explanations:
- Biological Maturation:
This refers to the natural changes that occur as people age, such as a decrease in impulsivity.
- Environmental Influences:
Increased Responsibility: As people age, they typically take on more responsibilities (e.g., jobs, families), which can influence personality development.
- Corrective Experiences: Feedback from the environment (conditioning) helps shape personality traits over time.
Overall, the slide emphasizes that personality traits undergo significant changes throughout the lifespan, influenced by both biological and environmental factors.
Name the big 5 of personality traits
- Agreeableness
- Emotional stability
- Extraversion
- Conscientiousness
- Openness
Explain what maturity principle of personality means
The maturity principle of personality refers to the general trend that people become more mature in their personality traits as they age. This principle is characterized by the increase in certain traits that are considered beneficial for social and professional functioning. Specifically, it suggests that with age, individuals tend to become:
- More Agreeable: People become more cooperative, compassionate, and considerate.
- More Conscientious: Individuals become more responsible, organized, and hardworking.
- More Emotionally Stable:
People tend to become less anxious, less prone to mood swings, and better at handling stress.
These changes are thought to occur due to a combination of biological maturation and life experiences, such as increased responsibilities and social roles, as well as corrective feedback from the environment. The maturity principle is consistent with the idea that personality traits can change in ways that help individuals better navigate adult life and its various demands.
Explain the 3 P’s
- Persistent: stable and long duration, since early adulthood
- Pervasive: across most situations
- Problematic: causes distress and/or impairment
What are the characteristics of Cluster A and which PD’s are in this cluster?
- Strange/ bizarre
- Variant psychosis
- Paranoid (distrust)
- Schizotypal (ideas of reference, psychotic fear)
- Schizoid (isolation; no desires or flattened affectivity)
What are the characteristics of Cluster B and which PD’s are in this cluster?
- Dramatic, emotional, impulsive
- Variant externalizing disorders
- Histrionic (theatrical, attention-seeking)
- Narcissistic (superiority)
- Borderline (instability)
- Antisocial (no conformation norms, criminal)
What are the characteristics of Cluster C and which PD’s are in this cluster?
- Anxious, avoidant
- Variant internalizing disorders
- Avoidant (avoiding)
- Dependent (clinging helper)
- Obsessive-Compulsive (workaholics)
Name 3 other categories of PDs and explain them.
- Personality change due to another medical condition (a stroke, brain trauma)
- Other specified personality disorder (OSPD): satisfies multiple criteria of various PDs, but does not satisfy criteria for (at least) 1 single PD or meets criteria for none-DSM PDs, such as sadistic PD
- Unspecified personality disorder: This category is utilized when a person exhibits a personality disturbance that is significant enough to cause distress or impair functioning, but the symptoms do not meet the full criteria for any specific personality disorder, and the clinician chooses not to specify the reasons why the criteria are not met.
What is the difference between ‘other specified personality disorder’ and ‘unspecified personality disorder’?
- OSPD: De clinicus specificeert waarom de patiënt niet volledig voldoet aan de criteria van een specifieke persoonlijkheidsstoornis en geeft voorbeelden of beschrijvingen van de afwijkende presentatie.
- UPD: De clinicus specificeert niet waarom de symptomen niet voldoen aan de criteria van een specifieke persoonlijkheidsstoornis. Dit wordt gebruikt wanneer er onvoldoende informatie is of de symptomen te divers zijn om een specifieke diagnose te stellen.
Name and explain 2 principles for how classification works
- Monothetic:
- A person must meet all the criteria of a disorder to be diagnosed with this disorder - Polythetic:
- A person must meet a minimum of the criteria of the disorder to be diagnosed with this disorder
- This leads to heterogeneity
Describe the prevalence of personality disorders
- in general population: 9-13%
- inpatient care: 50-70%
- outpatient care: 30-50%
