HC4. Witnessing Online Aggression

Question 1

Bystander behavior types (3)

Answer 1

(1) helping
(2) joining in
(3) doing nothing

Question 2

Why important to look at bystanders?

Answer 2

Bullying = group process

Question 3

Predictors of bystander behavior (3)

Answer 3

(1) empathy
(2) social anxiety
(3) involvement in CB/bullying as perpetrator/victim

Question 4

Empathy aspects (3)

Answer 4

(1) perspective taking (understanding other)
(2) empathic concern (compassion/sympathy)
(3) empathic distress (feel distress bc other feels this)

Question 5

Social anxiety definition

Answer 5

The fear of making a mistake and being criticized for that

Question 6

Social anxiety aspects (3)

Answer 6

(1) fear of negative evaluation
(2) social avoidance and distress
(3) social avoidance specific to new situations/people

Question 7

Inverse relationship social anxiety - self-efficacy

Answer 7

If people believe they can help, they have less social anxiety - and more self-efficacy

Question 8

The bystander effect (3)

Answer 8

(1) diffusion of responsibility
(2) evaluation apprehension (scared to be judged)
(3) pluralistic ignorance (copy others if they ignore)

Question 9

Moral disengagement (8)

Answer 9

(1) Moral justification (acceptable for higher purpose)
(2) Euphemistic labeling (“teasing” instead of “bullying”)
(3) Advantageous comparison (compare with worse alternative)
(4) Displacement of responsibilities (specific person should react)
(5) Diffusion of responsibility (other ones will react)
(6) Distortion of consequences (minimize harm)
(7) Dehumanization (“it’s online so no real human”)
(8) Attribution of blame (blame the victim)

Question 10

Predictors for joining in (3)

Answer 10

(1) age: older more likely to join in
(2) empathic less likely to join in
(3) traditional bully: more likely to join in

Question 11

Predictors for helping (4)

Answer 11

(1) age: younger more likely to help
(2) empathic concern: the higher the more likely to help
(3) victimization CB: victim in the past more likely to help
(4) traditional bullying victim more likely to help

Question 12

Predictors for doing nothing (1)

Answer 12

victimization: if you are victim of traditional bullying, more likely to do something instead of doing nothing

Question 13

Results study 1 (bystander behavior, 4)

Answer 13

(1) At a certain age, adolescents start to feel more inhibited about helping
(2) Empathic concern predicts adequate bystander behavior
(3) Past experiences with bullying matter
(4) Doing nothing was less well explained by the mode

Question 14

Desensitization definition

Answer 14

Repeated exposure to a certain stimulus can lead to reduced physiological, emotional, cognitive, and/or behavioral responsiveness to it

Question 15

Results study 2 (exposure CB & responsiveness, 5)

Answer 15

(1) more exposed to CB, less empathic responsiveness
(2) high on empathic responsiveness, more likely to be bystander
(3) high score on empathy, earlier detecting CB
(4) high on empathic responsiveness, negative attitude towards CB
(5) more favorable attitude towards CB, see CB more often

Question 16

Media effects theory

Answer 16

explain the uses and effects of media on individuals,

groups, or societies as a whole (in cognitions, emotions, attitudes and behavior)

Question 17

Cognitive dissonance theory (2)

Answer 17

(1) inner drive to hold attitudes/beliefs/behavior in harmony (believe avocado is healthy, eat it more)
(2) expression effects: try to harmonize attitudes with behavior (stand up for old people in bus)

Question 18

Expression effect study 2

Answer 18

Lower empathic responsiveness at T2 because they did nothing when they were a bystander