HC2. Experiencing Online Aggression Flashcards
Definition online aggression (4)
(1) Intentional harm
(2) by electronic means
(3) to a person/group
(4) who perceive(s) it as offensive/harmful.
Definition cyberbullying (4)
(1) Aggressive, intentional behavior
(2) carried out by an individual/group
(3) repeatedly
(4) against victim who cannot easily defend himself.
What are the Dark Triad personality traits? (3)
- Narcissism (offline aggression)
- Machiavellianism (offline aggression)
- Psychopathy (offline & cyber-aggression)
Why do narcissists function well in online environments?
Due to the controllability of online self-presentation.
If you score high on narcissism, you are very active on social media.
Definition narcissistic exploitativeness and associated with what kind of aggression?
When you have only your own interest in mind, exploitative of others (uitbuiten), no moral compassion.
Associated with cyber-aggression.
Most used cyber-aggression activity (2)
(1) Saying things to make the person a laughing stock.
(2) Sending insulting FB messages/comments to someone repeatedly.
Results paper 1 (only significant relationships, 4)
(1) Direct positive relationship between psychopathy and cyber-aggression
(2) Direct positive relationship between FB intensity and cyber-aggression
(3) Positive correlation between FB intensity and psychopathy
(4) Positive correlation between FB intensity and machiavellianism
Implications study 1 (Dark Triad, 2)
(1) Personality traits stable > cyber-aggression as an indicator of Dark Triad personality traits in adolescents
(2) Social perspective-taking skills to overcome egocentrism/antisocial behavior > include training into prevention programs
Limitations study 1 (Dark Triad, 3)
(1) Short Triad measure did not include sub-constructs of 3 Dark Triad personality traits
(2) Self-reports social desirability > solution: include social desirability scale
(3) Convenience sampling used, resulting in more girls than boys
Definition proximal determinants
More immediate determinants of behavior (very closely related to behavior)
Profiling perpetrators in terms of
(1) attitudes, values
(2) subjective norms, normative beliefs
(3) risks perception
(1) more favorable attitude with regard to cyberbullying
(2) normative beliefs that peers approve cyberbullying
(3) having less concerns about being caught and socially punished
Definitions
(1) attitude
(2) subjective norm
(3) perceived behavioral control
(1) perception, your effective evaluation of behavior (“I think cyberbullying can make you popular”)
(2) perception what peers think of that behavior (“I think my classmates agree with cyberbullying”)
(3) the ease of performing that behavior (“I believe my classmates are able to Photoshop a picture and post it online”)
Theory of Planned Behavior
Behavioral beliefs > attitude toward behavior
Normative beliefs > subjective norms
Control beliefs > perceived behavioral control
–> lead to intention > behavior
Findings study 2 (TPB, 3)
(1) Intention predicted perpetration of cyberbullying.
(2) Intention was explained by attitude
(3) Intention was explained by subjective norm
Underlying processes ATTITUDE (4)
(1) emotional release
(2) peer group benefits
(3) moral feelings
(4) disliked by peers
Underlying processes SUBJECTIVE NORM (5)
(1) approval CB by peers
(2) tolerance parents CB
(3) tolerance teachers CB
(4) descriptive norm
(5) social pressure
Underlying processes PERCEIVED BEHAVIORAL CONTROL (2)
(1) features ICT environment
(2) ICT knowledge
Implications study 2 (TPB, 3)
(1) TPB applicable for predicting CB
(2) Importance proximal determinants
(3) Importance peers
Limitations study 2 (TPB, 3)
(1) large proportion of self-reported behavior unexplained (temporal distance, general measurement)
(2) CB not always planned behavior (impulsivity? willingness instead of intention?)
(3) background characteristics not added to model (e.g., gender/age/past behavior)
Focus study 3
Long-term outcomes of early (offline/online) victimization
Bullied victim’s perceived impact SOCIAL INTERACTING TODAY (4)
(1) Avoiding past triggers/reasons for bullying
(2) Sharing personal information
(3) Coping with conflicts, aggression, and bullying
(4) Friendships
Bullied victim’s perceived impact PERSONAL CHARACTER (4)
(1) self-esteem
(2) anxieties
(3) level of empathy
(4) resilience
