HC2. Experiencing Online Aggression

Question 1

Definition online aggression (4)

Answer 1

(1) Intentional harm
(2) by electronic means
(3) to a person/group
(4) who perceive(s) it as offensive/harmful.

Question 2

Definition cyberbullying (4)

Answer 2

(1) Aggressive, intentional behavior
(2) carried out by an individual/group
(3) repeatedly
(4) against victim who cannot easily defend himself.

Question 3

What are the Dark Triad personality traits? (3)

Answer 3

1. Narcissism (offline aggression)
2. Machiavellianism (offline aggression)
3. Psychopathy (offline & cyber-aggression)

Question 4

Why do narcissists function well in online environments?

Answer 4

Due to the controllability of online self-presentation.

If you score high on narcissism, you are very active on social media.

Question 5

Definition narcissistic exploitativeness and associated with what kind of aggression?

Answer 5

When you have only your own interest in mind, exploitative of others (uitbuiten), no moral compassion.

Associated with cyber-aggression.

Question 6

Most used cyber-aggression activity (2)

Answer 6

(1) Saying things to make the person a laughing stock.

(2) Sending insulting FB messages/comments to someone repeatedly.

Question 7

Results paper 1 (only significant relationships, 4)

Answer 7

(1) Direct positive relationship between psychopathy and cyber-aggression
(2) Direct positive relationship between FB intensity and cyber-aggression
(3) Positive correlation between FB intensity and psychopathy
(4) Positive correlation between FB intensity and machiavellianism

Question 8

Implications study 1 (Dark Triad, 2)

Answer 8

(1) Personality traits stable > cyber-aggression as an indicator of Dark Triad personality traits in adolescents
(2) Social perspective-taking skills to overcome egocentrism/antisocial behavior > include training into prevention programs

Question 9

Limitations study 1 (Dark Triad, 3)

Answer 9

(1) Short Triad measure did not include sub-constructs of 3 Dark Triad personality traits
(2) Self-reports social desirability > solution: include social desirability scale
(3) Convenience sampling used, resulting in more girls than boys

Question 10

Definition proximal determinants

Answer 10

More immediate determinants of behavior (very closely related to behavior)

Question 11

Profiling perpetrators in terms of

(1) attitudes, values
(2) subjective norms, normative beliefs
(3) risks perception

Answer 11

(1) more favorable attitude with regard to cyberbullying
(2) normative beliefs that peers approve cyberbullying
(3) having less concerns about being caught and socially punished

Question 12

Definitions

(1) attitude
(2) subjective norm
(3) perceived behavioral control

Answer 12

(1) perception, your effective evaluation of behavior (“I think cyberbullying can make you popular”)
(2) perception what peers think of that behavior (“I think my classmates agree with cyberbullying”)
(3) the ease of performing that behavior (“I believe my classmates are able to Photoshop a picture and post it online”)

Question 13

Theory of Planned Behavior

Answer 13

Behavioral beliefs > attitude toward behavior
Normative beliefs > subjective norms
Control beliefs > perceived behavioral control
–> lead to intention > behavior

Question 14

Findings study 2 (TPB, 3)

Answer 14

(1) Intention predicted perpetration of cyberbullying.
(2) Intention was explained by attitude
(3) Intention was explained by subjective norm

Question 15

Underlying processes ATTITUDE (4)

Answer 15

(1) emotional release
(2) peer group benefits
(3) moral feelings
(4) disliked by peers

Question 16

Underlying processes SUBJECTIVE NORM (5)

Answer 16

(1) approval CB by peers
(2) tolerance parents CB
(3) tolerance teachers CB
(4) descriptive norm
(5) social pressure

Question 17

Underlying processes PERCEIVED BEHAVIORAL CONTROL (2)

Answer 17

(1) features ICT environment

(2) ICT knowledge

Question 18

Implications study 2 (TPB, 3)

Answer 18

(1) TPB applicable for predicting CB
(2) Importance proximal determinants
(3) Importance peers

Question 19

Limitations study 2 (TPB, 3)

Answer 19

(1) large proportion of self-reported behavior unexplained (temporal distance, general measurement)
(2) CB not always planned behavior (impulsivity? willingness instead of intention?)
(3) background characteristics not added to model (e.g., gender/age/past behavior)

Question 20

Focus study 3

Answer 20

Long-term outcomes of early (offline/online) victimization

Question 21

Bullied victim’s perceived impact SOCIAL INTERACTING TODAY (4)

Answer 21

(1) Avoiding past triggers/reasons for bullying
(2) Sharing personal information
(3) Coping with conflicts, aggression, and bullying
(4) Friendships

Question 22

Bullied victim’s perceived impact PERSONAL CHARACTER (4)

Answer 22

(1) self-esteem
(2) anxieties
(3) level of empathy
(4) resilience