HB WM Flashcards
Trees and Woodland provide (10)
- Homes and food for wildlife and other nature
- Attractive places for enjoyment and recreation
- Resources
- Shade and shelter - crops and livestock
- Protection of vital soils
- Natural Flood management
- Carbon lock-up
- Air Pollution reduction
- Cleaner water
- Increased Biodiversity
Without management woodlands become
dark, over-shaded and dominated by mature trees without variation in structure, age or cover.
Trees and woods face increasing devastating effects of: (4)
- Climate change
- New pests and diseases
- Inappropriate development
- Intensive land use
Secondary woodlands are
created through land being abandoned and neglected.
Often even aged so needs management to achieve a healthy mixed age structure.
Active management of woodlands can be seen to have 3 broad benefits
- Social
- Economic
- Environmental
Managing woodland has two effects on climate change:
- Resilience - Establishing mixtures of trees bearing in mind the changes in climate will increase the rate at which woodlands can change and increase the ability of ecosystems to react to changes.
- Mitigation - effective and efficient ways of removing atmospheric carbon. Timber a good replacement of building materials such as steel. Can control and contain flooding and erosion. Shelter belts to fields.
What woodland birds and animals need a licenced person to assess them? (6)
- Hazel Dormice
- Bats
- Ospray
- Barn Owl
- Goshawk
- Firecrests
Management techniques for sensitively managing woodland (4)
- mix of dead wood
- Healthy living trees
- Young saplings
- Open spaces (glades)
Coppcing was used for (4 products)
- Broom handles
- Firewood
- Fencing stakes
- Hurdles
Woodland flowers (3)
- Bluebells
- Primroses
- Violets
Coppicing is best suited to which woodlands
Ancient
Only reintroduce it if it has been coppiced in the last 60 years.
What is the smallest area what should be coppiced (if dormice are present)?
0.25 - 1 ha
Hazel takes 8 years to produce nuts so if dormice are present the rotation should be
12-20 years
Small woodlands should not be coppiced so it is better to
create a shallow coppiced ‘scallop’ along the woodland edge - east to west.
Wildlife that benefit from coppicing include (12)
- Wood anemones
- Dog violets
- St John’s Wort
- Bluebells
- Moths
- Bumblebees
- Dragonflies
- Slow worms
- Nightingales
- Chiffchaff
- Pipistrelles
- Dormice
Which trees can be coppiced? (5)
- Hazel
- Chestnut
- Oak
- Ash.
- Beech
Rides and glades support rare and declining butterflies like (2)
- White Admiral
- Small Pearl-bordered Fritillary
A ride is
a linear trackway such as a path designed for access.
Where possible rides should run in which direction?
East to west - sun for plants and insects
Check wind direction though! - don’t want a wind tunnel
Wind funneling on a ride can be reduced by (3)
- curving or bending the path
- angled before they emerge from the woodland
- edges can be scalloped or bayed
How should a ride be cut? (3)
- Central part yearly at the end of summer
- longer grass cut on a 2/3 year cycle
- remove all grass cuttings
For large woods how wide can a ride be?
20-30m
Glades are
openings within a woodland - a recently coppiced area but fringed by big trees for shelter.
In a large woodland how big can a glade be?
Half the size of a football pitch