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HB C in CM > HB CC, S & BC > Flashcards

HB CC, S & BC Flashcards

1
Q

Anthropogenic

A

Environmental pollution and pollutants originating from human activity.

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2
Q

LCA

A

Life Cycle Assessments

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3
Q

EMS

A

Environmental Management System

outline the organizational structure, operational activities, responsibilities, practices, procedures, and resources. While they can also identify steps for developing, implementing, achieving, reviewing, and maintaining environmental policy

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4
Q

We can work towards a more sustainable future by remembering to look after the 5P’s

A

People, Planet, Prosperity, Peace and Partnership

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5
Q

NbS

A

Nature-Based Solutions

NBS and their ability to regulate temperature, with those implemented over the next few years, beginning to have an impact around 2040.

Soft adaptation strategies and focus on ecosystem restoration and enhancement of ecosystem services, to protect against the negative impacts of climate change.

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6
Q

3 main ways to avoid increasing emissions through NBS

A
  1. by protecting ecosystems, thus, reducing further carbon release (e.g., limiting deforestation).
  2. to restore ecosystems, such as wetlands, so that they sequester carbon.
  3. to improve land management, for timber, crops and grazing, reducing emissions of carbon, methane and nitrous oxide, as well as sequestering carbon.
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7
Q

Green Recovery can be created by (3)

A
  1. incentives
  2. job creation in the environmental, carbon capture and renewable sectors
  3. implementing large scale restoration of ecosystems.
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8
Q

Ways to improve sustainability on a small or larger scale (8):

A
  1. Reduce waste being produced (e.g local recycling, avoid single use, appropriate storage etc).
  2. Reduce mileage (locally sourced, seasonally plentiful products are best).
  3. Use renewable energy (generate your own, switch to a green provider or to a renewable energy tariff).
  4. Reduce consumption (water, household products/chemicals, energy etc).
  5. Improve efficiencies (identify wasteful practices and streamline processes).
  6. Offset carbon (tree planting, conservation partnerships etc).
  7. Greener transport (concentrated products, bulk buying, use green fuel/electric or support cycling or walking schemes).
  8. Improving biodiversity (create more green spaces, establish wildlife gardens or ponds, partner with local wildlife groups, plant flowers for pollinators).
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9
Q

NDCS

A

Nationally Determined Contributions

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10
Q

How to promote positive environmental action through behaviour change (7)?

A
  1. Know your audience
  2. Make it easy
  3. Create a new ‘social norm’
  4. The fastest way to individual behaviour change may be through higher policy change
  5. Small changes add up
  6. What type of action do you want to promote?
  7. Remember that all behaviour is situational
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11
Q

Creating the right tone in messages for sustainable changes. 3 things to remember…

A
  1. Remember, the language we use, matters
  2. Keep messages fun, surprising and image based
  3. Emphasise personal relevance
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12
Q

Actions aiming to change human behaviour should consider both internal and external factors and provide effective prompts to behavioural change in 5 ways…

A
  1. Education and awareness
  2. Outreach and relationship building
  3. Social Influence
  4. Nudges and behavioural insights
  5. Incentives
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13
Q

Global warming contributes to sea-level rise in two major ways;

A

Through melting of glaciers, and ice sheets and expansion of ocean water as it warms

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14
Q

Climate refugees are

A

people who have been forced to leave their home due to the effects of severe climate events

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15
Q

The rising tide brings with it…

A

beach erosion and the contamination of fresh water supplies. As the salt water seeps in, it destroys everything, spoiling the soil for growing crops and overflowing the sanitation systems.

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16
Q

EbS

A

Ecosystem based solutions

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17
Q

Phenology

A

is the study and recording of the dates of recurrent natural events (such as the flowering of a plant or the first or last appearance of a migrant bird) in relation to seasonal climatic changes.

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18
Q

7 Key spring and autumn phenology trends:

A
  1. Earlier breeding and/or singing birds
  2. Earlier budding on trees and plants
  3. Earlier flowering in plants
  4. Earlier arrival of migratory breeding birds
  5. Earlier appearance of butterflies
  6. Earlier amphibian spawning
  7. Delayed onset of autumn
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19
Q

Sustainability

A

‘is the avoidance of natural resource depletion in order to maintain an ecological balance’. It is also defined as the ability to be maintained at a certain rate or level.

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20
Q

Pillars of Sustainability

A

Economic, social, and environmental (or ecological) factors

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21
Q

Scope of the three pillars

A

• Social equity: The social pillar relates to respecting the environment and the resources it offers. It covers aspects such as, improving equity in education, health, personal safety and leisure.
• Economic feasibility: The economic pillar relates to the needs of the population and environmental limits. Highlighting the fact that a productive system must meet the needs of society, without jeopardizing the natural resources and wellbeing of future generations.
• Environmental protection: The Environmental pillar relates to the laws, regulations, and other policy or practices impacting the environment. This might include include air and water pollution, waste management, ecosystem management, the protection of natural resources, wildlife and overall biodiversity.

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22
Q

Ecosystem services

A

Are the functions of the ecosystems that in some way benefit mankind.

The services we receive are naturally sustainable and considered “free” from nature, such as wild fish, pollinating insects, fresh water, natural pesticides and fertile soil. Many of these so-called ecosystem services are impossible to replace with technology on the scale nature performs them.

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23
Q

Ecosystem services - Provisioning (5)

A

Food
Water
Fuel
Building Material
Genetic resources

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24
Q

Ecosystem services - Supporting (5)

A

Soil formation
Nutrient cycling
Water cycling
Photosynthesis
Biodiversity

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25
Q

Ecosystem services - Regulating (5)

A

Air quality
Climate regulation
Soil erosion
Flood control
Carbon storing

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26
Q

Ecosystem services - Cultural (6)

A

Education
Recreation
Tourism
Wellbeing
Aesthetic
Spiritual

27
Q

Attributing a value on natural resources can be of practical use, helping to: (3)

A

1) calculate how to replace or replenish exploited resources
2) better consider the pros and cons to industrial practices and new technologies
3) understand the intrinsic value and importance of these resources

28
Q

‘climate refugees’

A

people or groups of people displaced from their homes (either temporarily or permanently), mainly due to sudden or progressive changes in the environment that negatively impact their lives or living conditions.

29
Q

Weather refers to

A

the changes in atmospheric conditions (e.g. temperature, precipitation) over a relatively short period of time (hours, days),

30
Q

climate refers to

A

how the atmosphere “behaves” over long periods of time (decades, centuries).

31
Q

Younger Dryas

A

(a period of rapid cooling around 12,000 years ago), which took less than 100 years to set in, and persisted as a period of near glacial conditions for roughly 1,300 years

32
Q

Our climate is a complex and dynamic system, impacted by a variety of factors - climate drivers or climate forcers

A

• Changes in greenhouse gas levels
• Volcanic activity
• Changes in ecological conditions
• Solar activity
• Changes in Earth’s orbital cycle

33
Q

Climate change:

A

is any change occurring to the planet’s climate either permanently or lasting for long periods of time. It is the effect felt by two related sources: anthropogenic climate drivers and natural climate drivers.

34
Q

Anthropogenic climate drivers are defined

A

by the human-created drivers and their impact on Earth’s climate, such as the release of greenhouse gases.

35
Q

Natural climate drivers are

A

the natural climate cycles that have been and continue to occur throughout Earth’s history or one-off natural events like asteroid strikes or volcanic eruptions.

36
Q

Anthropogenic Drivers

A

Changes in ecological conditions ‘Ecosystem services’ compensate for, and regulate environment change. Degradation of these systems amplify and cause additional problems. Things like ocean changes, pollutant levels, deforestation, monocultures, habitat destruction, desertification can all impact nature’s ability to provide these vital services.

Changes in greenhouse gas levels from man-made sources. This has been the largest driver of the modern warming climate. Industrial change and the reliance on fossil fuels, as well as unsustainable practices has massively increased the amount of CO2, and other greenhouse gases, in the atmosphere.

37
Q

Natural Climate Drivers (4)

A

Canges in greenhouse gas levels from natural sources e.g., Carbon/Nitrogen cycling, fires, Geological activity, natural disasters.

Volcanic activity can release large amounts of greenhouse gases and dust into the atmosphere.

Changes in Earth’s orbital cycle the Earth’s orbit is elliptical meaning there are times when it is closer / further away from the Sun, resulting in climate changes.

Solar activity, because the Sun is constantly active, it goes through periods of high activity, emitting large amount of radiation or periods of relative calm, when it emits lower amounts of radiation.

38
Q

CERES

A

Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System

39
Q

ENSO

A

El Niño-Southern Oscillation

40
Q

Greenhouse gases

A

Water vapour (H2O), Methane (CH4), Nitrous Oxide (N2O), Florinated gases (HFCs, PFCs, SF6) (Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)

41
Q

Observable evidence for climate change (8)

A

Global Temperature Rise
Shrinking Ice Sheets
Ocean Warming
Ocean Acidification
Sea Level Rises
Retreating Glaciers
Decreases Snow Cover
Extreme Weather Events

42
Q

TEEB

A

The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity

43
Q

EIA

A

Environmental Impact Assessments

Regulatory tool, to promote sustainable development and reduce environmental impact

44
Q

EIS

A

Environmental Impact Statement

45
Q

Environmental Impact Assessment process in UK

A
  1. Screening
  2. Scoping
  3. Preparing and Environmental Statement
  4. Planning application and consultation
  5. Decision making
46
Q

EMS

A

Environmental Management Systems - can be used to establish a baseline of current practice, to set goals/targets, to legislative compliance and setting regular review points for ongoing monitoring.

47
Q

EMP

A

Environmental Management Plan

48
Q

SMS

A

Sustainability Management Systems - provide guidelines for an organization to evaluate, manage, and improve sustainability by optimizing resource use and waste management.

49
Q

ISO

A

International Organization for Standardization

50
Q

5 key steps of the ISO 14000 certification process

A
  1. Initial assessment by the Certifying Body.
  2. Presentation of required Documentation.
  3. Audit.
  4. Non-conformity Resolution and review.
  5. Organization certification
51
Q

Land protection strategies from sea-level rise (2):

A

Hard Strategies - sea wall building / new artificial land

Soft Strategies - tree planting or land use planning

52
Q

Which country is the European Union’s biggest greenhouse gas emitter?

A

Germany

53
Q

How is Germany vulnerable to Climate Change (2)?

A

1) Increased incidences of flooding along its coastline and network of river basins (tidal waves, erosion, more rain)
2) more frequent periods of extreme heat and overall warming, is having a huge impact on health and economy of the country, due to its impact on industry and agricultural resources

54
Q

A cradle-to-grave and cradle-to-cradle cycles are

A

ways to model the life time of a product or process taking into account how it is made, how it is used and how it is disposed of or recycled after its usefulness is fulfilled.

55
Q

Scientists first estimated that ecosystem services worldwide were worth an average of

A

US$33 trillion - nearly twice the Gross Net Product (GNP) of the world

56
Q

Under the REDD+ scheme countries and businesses can

A

pay other countries to protect their forests and ecosystems

57
Q

SDGs

A

UN Sustainable Development Goals
There are 17 & 169 targets

58
Q

MDGs

A

Millennium Development Goals

59
Q

COP26

A

Conference of the Parties

60
Q

5 main criticisms of the Sustainable Development Goals

A
  1. Unrealistic Cost
  2. Hard to measure
  3. No Consequences
  4. Don’t go far enough
  5. Not enough responsibility
61
Q

5 positives of Sustainable Development Goals

A
  1. Universal goals
  2. Collective action
  3. Ambitious goals
  4. Strong commitment to end poverty
  5. Commitment to reducing inequality
62
Q

Which countries have made the most progress towards the SDGs?

A

Scandinavian (Sweden scoring 84.72, Denmark at 84.56, and Finland 83.77)

63
Q

The process of Environmental Impact Assessment in England is governed by

A

Town and Country Planning (Environmental Impact Assessment) Regulations 2017

HB C in CM (9 decks)

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