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HB CB Flashcards

1
Q

three main central goals to conservation biology:

A
  1. study global biodiversity and its decline.
  2. how human populations impacts biodiversity and ecosystem health
  3. develop practical solutions to reduce these threats and restore biological diversity.
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2
Q

The Core Principles of Conservation Biology (5)

A

Protection of Biodiversity
Science Focused
Multi-disciplinary
Responsive
Value Driven

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3
Q

SCB

A

Society for Conservation Biology

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4
Q

When was the Convention on Biodiversity at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro signed?

A

1992

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5
Q

Genetic diversity is

A

diversity within an individual species,

different configurations of features, that can be seen on individuals of the same species of plant or animal

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6
Q

less genetic diversity within a population can lead to inferior offspring leading to further population declines

A

Inbreeding depression

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7
Q

Species Diversity. Two main measurements:

A
  1. Species richness (how many different individual species)
  2. species evenness (the variance in population size between species within the community.)
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8
Q

An Ecosystem Diversity is made up of

A

the habitats, different communities and ecological processes and the variety of ecosystems in an area

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9
Q

Sixth major extinction episode

A

Holocene Extinction

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10
Q

IPBES

A

Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services

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11
Q

Exponentially increasing biodiversity losses were being driven by human impact on the planet and identified 5 main drivers of change:

A
  • Changes in land and sea use
  • Direct exploitation of organisms and resources
  • Climate change
  • Pollution
  • Alien invasive species
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12
Q

Why is it Important to Protect Biodiversity? (5)

A

Natural Resource Value
Ecosystem Service Value
Recreational and Cultural Value
Economic Value
Intrinsic value

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12
Q

The global value of ecosystem services has been valued at:

A

$33 trillion

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13
Q

the living components of an ecosystem. They are sorted into three groups: consumers, producers, and decomposers

A

Biotic factors

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14
Q

the non-living components of an ecosystem e.g. light, water, soil, minerals etc.

A

Abiotic factors

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15
Q

UNESCO

A

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

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16
Q

The large majority of conservation research often focuses on

A

identifying the impact of habitat destruction on individual species, or a collective group of species from certain habitats.

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17
Q

A positive interaction for one species but has a negative on the other

A

Predation / Parasitism / Herbivory interaction

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18
Q

A negative interaction for both species

A

Competition interaction

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19
Q

A positive interaction for both species

A

Mutualism or Symbiosis interaction

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20
Q

An interaction between two species where one species will gain benefits, whereas the other species will neither be positively nor negatively affected

A

Commensalism

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21
Q

Interactions between species, similar to competition where the outcome is positive for one species and negative for the other

A

Amensalism

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22
Q

A form of competition between members of the same species

A

Intra-specific competition

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23
Q

A form of competition between members of the different species

A

Inter-specific competition

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24
Q

A form of competition wherein organisms directly vie for resources, such as by aggression

A

Interference competition

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25
Q

A form of competition wherein organisms indirectly compete with other organisms for resources by exploiting resources to limit the resources availability to other organisms

A

Exploitation competition

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26
Q

Occurs in species that have or can establish hierarchies through aggressive behaviour, causing some individuals to hold a dominant status over the others ultimately resulting in a more successful reproductive output

A

Interference intraspecific competition

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27
Q

Occurs between the same species, however, it is a result of individuals exploiting the same resources such as food or habitat availability, thus reducing the amount available to others. Through either interference or exploitation, over time a superior competitor can eliminate an inferior one from the area, resulting in competitive exclusion.

A

Exploitation intraspecific competition

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28
Q

In order to deter predators, many prey organisms have evolved various adaptations

A

behavioural, physiological, as well as chemical defences.

Prey - Mimicry
Predator - sharp teeth, possession of poison, camouflage colouration and enhanced olfactory or visual senses

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29
Q

The relationship between two dissimilar organisms, which benefits both

A

Symbiosis or mutualism

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30
Q

An interaction in which one organism inflicts harm to another organism without obtaining any costs or benefits, thus no effect - people walking on grass

A

Amensalism

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31
Q

An intraspecific relationship in which one species obtains benefits such as food or shelter from another species (a host) without inducing adverse or negative effects - birds on cows

A

Commensalism

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32
Q

Comprises the entire space occupied by organisms on earth.
71% of marine waters.

A

Biosphere

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33
Q

How are forests used? (3 Goods & 5 Services)

A

Goods:
1. Timber and other wood products
2. Fuelwood and charcoal
3. Non-wood forest products (honey, medicines)

Services:
1.Climate enriching
2. Regulation of hydrological cycles
3. Carbon sinks
4. Soil stabilisation
5. Cultural values

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34
Q

Major impacts humans have on forest… (7)

A
  1. Fragmentation
  2. Invasive species
  3. Pollutants including acid
  4. Logging
  5. Climate change
  6. Altering fire regimes, non-optimal land management techniques
  7. Extracting non-timber products
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35
Q

Major impacts on marine and coastal ecosystems (5)

A
  1. The operation of fisheries
  2. Invasive species
  3. Climate change
  4. Changes to and destruction of viable habitats
  5. Chemical pollution, namely eutrophication
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36
Q

Conservation Education: (6)

A
  1. Explaining the necessity of environmental conservation and protection through press releases and announcements on TV and radio.
  2. Using factual pamphlets and educational posters to explain the importance of protecting endangered species.
  3. Ask teachers and children to conduct plays at schools with the message revolving around conservation.
  4. Educational field trips to wildlife reserves and unique biology classes on local wildlife for respective schools.
  5. Implementing training courses for local teachers and lectures for local authorities regarding local wildlife particularly threatened by human stressors.
  6. Wildlife events for the public.
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37
Q

Conserving biodiversity and using natural services sustainably will enable (4)

A
  1. Better health
  2. Greater food security
  3. Less poverty
  4. A greater capacity to cope with, and adapt to, environmental change.
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38
Q

The present data from the IUCN’s Red List of Threatened Species suggests a rate of how many extinctions per year?

A

34 extinctions per million species - Considering that the current natural rate is 0.1 to 2 extinctions per million species per year

The IUCN Red List documents at least 680 extinctions and a further possible 750 extinctions out of 112,400 species in the past 500 years.

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39
Q

Why are amphibians are statistically the group most threatened with extinction? (3)

A

a combination of habitat modification, changes in climate and the fungal disease chytridiomycosis which is occurring globally

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40
Q

Coral species have experienced the most severe extinction risk recently…

A

largely due to the mass bleaching event in 1998, a year of exceptionally high sea temperatures.

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41
Q

Conservation – what is it and what is the overall aim?

A

Conservation aims to integrate various conservation policies, field ecology, demography, taxonomy and genetics, ultimately directly impacting how species and ecosystems will be managed. It mostly involves the preservation of biodiversity, which typically incorporates the conservation of all wildlife and their associated habitats due to the fragile network of species interaction.

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42
Q

Conservation has two central goals:

A
  1. Evaluate human impacts upon biological diversity.
  2. Develop practical approaches to prevent the extinction of species.
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43
Q

How and what will be achieved through conserving biodiversity and accessing services sustainably… (6)

A
  1. Education and raising awareness to ensure the value of biodiversity is understood and how to protect it
  2. Benefits of biodiversity, and the costs of its loss, need to be reflected within economics and markets
  3. Efficiency in the use of resources (land, energy, water) to meet the growing human population
  4. Gaining traditional knowledge by collaborating with indigenous communities.
  5. Economic intensives to capitalise on the use of sustainable farming and resources
  6. Strategic planning of using marine resources ensuring the conservation of biodiversity
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44
Q

IPCC

A

Inter-Governmental Panel on Climate Change

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45
Q

Comprise less than 5% of the world’s population, protecting 80% of global biodiversity

A

Indigenous people

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46
Q

Current key conservation research initiatives (4)

A
  1. Identification of species most at threat from extinction (e.g., the IUCN Red List).
  2. Identification of areas with extremely low or high biodiversity.
  3. Modelling and estimation of species distributional responses to the impacts of climate change.
  4. Reporting and combatting species invasions.
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47
Q

Current conservation techniques (4)

A
  1. Captive breeding and reintroduction
  2. Genetic analyses e.g. eDNA
  3. Habitat restoration
  4. Rewilding
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48
Q

Coral reefs are primarily damaged due to (6)

A
  1. changing water temperatures
  2. ocean acidification
  3. pollution
  4. invasive species
  5. changing weather patterns
  6. physical destruction from fishing vessels or shipwrecks

Globally, approximately 30-50% of coral reefs have already been lost

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49
Q

a species that is native to where it is found

A

Endemic

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50
Q

The diversity within species, between species, and of ecosystems

A

Biodiversity

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51
Q

A form of competition wherein organisms indirectly compete with other organisms for resources by exploiting resources to limit the resources availability to other organisms

A

Exploitation competition

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52
Q

The birth rate, which is the ratio of total live births to total population in a particular area over a specified period of time; expressed as childbirths per 1000 people (or population) per year

A

Natality

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53
Q

Relationship or interaction between two dissimilar organisms, each of which may receive benefits from their partners that they did not have while living alone

A

Symbiosis

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54
Q

Two species cannot coexist in the same ecological niche for very long without one becoming extinct or being driven out because of competition for limited resources.

A

Competitive exclusion

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55
Q

A term that encompasses all the ecosystems on Earth. It, therefore, includes both non-living elements (like sunlight and water) and living organisms

A

Biosphere

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56
Q

Excessive richness of nutrients in a lake or other body of water, frequently due to run-off from the land, which causes a dense growth of plant life

A

Eutrophication

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57
Q

Genetic material obtained directly from environmental samples (soil, sediment, water, etc.) without any obvious signs of biological source material

A

eDNA

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58
Q

Several hierarchical levels in an ecosystem, consisting of organisms sharing the same function in the food chain and the same nutritional relationship to the primary sources of energy

A

Trophic levels

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59
Q

A specific version of a gene

A

Allele

60
Q

A long strand of genetic information

A

Chromosome

61
Q

Allele whose phenotype will be expressed in an individual that possesses that allele

A

Dominant allele

62
Q

Genetic makeup of an individual

A

Genotype

63
Q

Change in the genetic coding of a gene

A

Mutation

64
Q

Individual’s inheritable physical characteristics

A

Phenotype

65
Q

Allele whose phenotype will be expressed only if an individual is homozygous for that allele

A

Recessive allele

66
Q

Theory of evolution by natural selection

A

states that organisms that are better suited for their environments will survive and reproduce compared to those that are poorly suited for their environments

67
Q

Progeny

A

offspring

68
Q

A process where a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells

A

Mitosis

69
Q

The age-specific schedule of reproductivity and mortality of a population of individuals, influenced by natural selection.

it is a combination of factors depicting the lifecycle of an organism

A

Life history

70
Q

Includes factors such as the number, size and sex ratio of offspring, the timing of reproduction, age and size at maturity and growth pattern.

A

Life history traits

71
Q

Where one genotype produces different phenotypes under different environmental conditions

e.g some caterpillars mimic flowers or twigs of a specific tree depending on their diet

A

Phenotypic plasticity

72
Q

The exchange of genetic material between different organisms which leads to production of offspring with combinations of traits

A

Genetic recombination

73
Q

The transfer of genetic material from one population to another via reproduction, and can occur between two populations of the same species through migration

A

Gene flow / gene migration

74
Q

The difference in DNA sequences between individuals within a population.

A

Genetic variation

75
Q

The movement of populations, groups or individuals, enabling gene flow

A

Migration

76
Q

The formation of new species as a result of geographic, physiological, anatomical, or behavioural factors that prevent previously interbreeding populations from breeding with each other.

A

Speciation

77
Q

Occurs when a population is greatly reduced in size, limiting the genetic diversity of the species

A

Genetic bottlenecks

78
Q

The total genetic diversity found within a population or a species

A

Gene pool

79
Q

Is a mechanism involving random fluctuations of allele frequencies from generation to generation due to chance events, usually seen in small populations.

A

Genetic drift

80
Q

change in the inherited traits of a population of organisms through successive generations

A

Genetic evolution

81
Q

A section of a chromosome that corresponds to one or more DNA sequences that carry the coding information required to produce a specific protein, which in turn, carries out a selective function within the cell.

A

A gene

The combination of alleles (specific version) of a gene that an individual receives from both parents determines the genotype (genetic makeup) for a particular trait. The genotype, a collection of the genes, consequently determines the phenotype, which are the observable characteristics like hair and skin colour

82
Q

Which suggests that no organism is ever completely adapted to the surroundings, thus they will always evolve, because of continued environmental change influencing natural selection to alter adaptations over time

A

‘The Red Queen hypothesis’

83
Q

Cell division where the resulting cells (sperm and eggs) only contain half the chromosomes which then join together at fertilisation to make a complete compliment of chromasoms.

A

Meiosis

84
Q

Darwin’s Theory of Evolution via natural selection: (4)

A
  1. In each generation that survives, more individuals are produced.
  2. Genetic variation exists among individuals and can be inherited.
  3. Individuals with advantageous traits will survive.
  4. When reproductive isolation occurs, new species will form.
85
Q

Migration produces two known effects:

A
  1. Increase the variability within a population because it provides the variability that a population will require to survive if the environment changes drastically.
  2. Preventing a population of that species from diverging to the extent that it becomes a new species. As migration continues to work over an extended period of time, the new mutation will therefore be shared between populations. This blending effect helps stabilize the similarities between the population and helps to prevent more isolated populations from evolving reproductive barriers that may lead to speciation.
86
Q

Main causes of genetic bottlenecks:

A
  1. Natural disasters
  2. Overhunting
  3. Habitat destruction
87
Q

The number of offspring the organism leaves in the next generation.

A

Reproductive fitness

88
Q

The general lifecycle of organisms; ultimately, how organisms allocate energy to survival and reproduction to maximize their fitness; including passing on their advantageous traits

A

Life history theory

89
Q

Factors including the timing of reproduction, size and number of offspring, sex-ratio of offspring and individual growth rates

A

Life history traits

90
Q

When an increase in one life history trait (improving fitness) is coupled to a decrease in another life history trait (reducing fitness), so that the fitness benefit through increasing trait 1 is balanced against a fitness cost through decreasing trait 2.

A

Trade-offs

91
Q

An organism’s reproductive capacity (the number of offspring its capable of producing).

A

Fecundity

92
Q

Reproducing or breeding only once in a lifetime

A

Semelparity

93
Q

Reproducing several or many times during a lifetime

A

Iteroparity

94
Q

Cost, such as time and energy, associated with raising offspring that reduces the parents’ ability to produce or invest in other offspring

A

Parental investment

95
Q

Changes in the appearance of an organism as a result of genetic mutation and environmental conditions, in which the organism responds positively enabling them to cope with environmental conditions present in their natural habitats

A

Phenotypic adaptation

96
Q

Slow life history (7)

A

Species that have

  1. Larger body sizes and lower population growth rates
  2. Slower growth
  3. Slower reproductive output
  4. Long gestation times
  5. Later ages at maturity
  6. Longer lifespans (longer generation times)
  7. Termed K selected
97
Q

Fast life history - Species that have… (7)

A
  1. smaller body sizes and lower population growth rates
  2. Higher reproductive output
  3. Shorter gestation times
  4. Earlier ages at maturity
  5. Shorter lifespans
  6. Termed r selected
  7. early maturation and a higher number of offspring with less parental investment
98
Q

Several males mate with a single female and the parental responsibility is shared by the female and her several mates

A

Cooperative polyandry

99
Q

Where one male mates with several females in a breeding season

A

Polygyny

100
Q

Where one female mates with several males in a breeding season

A

Polyandry

101
Q

Holding and defending resources is essential for male reproductive success.

A

Resource defence polygyny

102
Q

Involves the male staying with the female in order to deter other males from mating with her

A

Mate-guarding hypothesis

103
Q

Males stay with a female to help protect and raise their offspring, resulting in healthier offspring

A

Male-assistance hypothesis

104
Q

the female ensures that the male does not have other offspring that might compete with her own by interfering with the nay of the male’s mating calls

A

Female-enforcement hypothesis

105
Q

where males compete for territories with the best resources and mate with the females that enter the territory, drawn in by the volume of resources.

A

Resourced-based polygyny

106
Q

involves females controlling the resources

A

Resource defence polyandry

107
Q

Multiple females and males mate with each other, and males may care for the broods of several females. It allows groups of males and females to live together without mate competition.

A

Polygynandrous groups

108
Q

Major costs of parental investment:

A
  1. Decreased parental survival.
  2. Increased time until the next breeding attempt.
  3. Reduced future fecundity (via suppressed feeding and growth).
109
Q

The benefits of a longer lifespan with respect to reproduction include:

A
  1. A greater number of reproductive events, therefore, a higher number of offspring per lifetime.
  2. If juvenile mortality is high, there is enough time to reproduce again to provide more offspring.
110
Q

The behaviour of an animal that benefits another at its own expense.

A

Altruism or reciprocal altruism

111
Q

Spatial proximity to kin allows maximal inclusive fitness can include alloparental care

A

Nepotism or Kin selection

112
Q

Often the reproductive success of kin is at the expense of ones own survival and reproduction

A

Apparent Altruistic behaviour

113
Q

A measure of fitness for relatives that are not directly descended from an individual

A

Indirect fitness (Inclusive fitness)

114
Q

Limitations on the future evolutionary pathways caused by previous adaptations

A

Phylogenetic inertia

115
Q

Parental care that is provided by an individual toward offspring that they are not genetically related to.

A

Alloparental care

116
Q

Where some individuals in the group or “colony” do not reproduce for the benefit of others

A

Eusociality

117
Q

A group of organisms within a colony, each with a specific role

A

Caste

118
Q

Where all the competing organisms obtain some of the resources.

A

Scramble competition

119
Q

Sociality

A

Group living

120
Q

Advantages to individuals living in groups

A
  1. access to food and other resources such as water or shelter
  2. defence from predators
  3. access to mating opportunities
121
Q

The study of the timing of life cycle events

A

Phenology

122
Q

A seasonal movement of animals

A

Migration

123
Q

The process of transformation from an immature form to an adult form in two or more distinct stages

A

Metamorphose

124
Q

A sense of smell indicating a direction to navigate towards

A

Olfactory cues

125
Q

Impacts of climate change on species migration (4)

A
  1. Rising sea levels - habitat loss and changes to prey abundance.
  2. Increasing temperatures - food web collapses, alternating sex ratios and changes in phonological responses
  3. Ocean acidification impacting mineral dependent organisms, indirectly affecting the food web
  4. Extreme weather such as drought and heavy precipitation can affect breeding timings and cause mortality
126
Q

A species that has a large range and habitat whose conservation results in many other species benefitting

A

Umbrella species

127
Q

A change in the structure of an ecosystem, and thus energy transferred, because of the removal of a top predator or integral species.

A

Trophic cascade

128
Q

A species that most or all of the other species in an ecosystem are directly or indirectly dependent upon

A

Keystone species

129
Q

The main factors that determine species conservation are (3)

A
  1. whether the species’ range is restricted, such that they are an endemic species;
  2. decreasing population trends
  3. the ecological status of a species
130
Q

Selecting a species for nature conservation should be based upon (3)

A
  1. Limited distributional or geographic range (e.g. endemic species)
  2. Species with specific and narrow ecological niches.
  3. Low population figures.
131
Q

Types of conservation techniques: (3)

A
  1. Captive breeding and reintroduction of species that were close to extinction / very endangered.
  2. Protective legislature of certain species due to population levels.
  3. Rewilding
132
Q

the volume of renewable and non-renewable natural resources that combined produces various benefits to humans.

A

Natural capital

133
Q

Ecosystems provide what services (4)

A

provisioning
supporting
regulating
cultural

134
Q

The intermixing of two distinct yet closely related taxa, which may deeply affect the genetic make-up, long-term survival and evolution of the species

A

Hybridisation

135
Q

A standardised measure of how much land and water is needed to produce the resources that are consumed, in addition to how much waste is produced.

A

Ecological footprint

136
Q

What are the current challenges that face conservation? (4)

A
  1. Climate change
  2. Growing human population
  3. Agricultural practices and policies
  4. Politics and lack of policies
137
Q

The United Nations predicts that the global human population is estimated to reach

A

9.2 billion by 2050

138
Q

Environmental issues related to agriculture include (7)

A
  1. climate change
  2. deforestation
  3. genetic engineering
  4. irrigation problems
  5. pollution
  6. soil degradation
  7. waste build-up
139
Q

Factors associated with soil erosion include (4)

A
  1. decline of nutrients and organic matter
  2. acidification
  3. compaction
  4. waterlogging.
140
Q

How many species on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, have an increased extinction risk due to climate change?

A

10,967

141
Q

Ecosystem services provided by mangroves include: (6)

A
  1. Flood mitigation.
  2. Aerial roots provide a buffer zone of protection to the coastline from storm damage.
  3. Stabilisation and protection of soil, preventing erosion.
  4. Improving nutrient retention and water quality.
  5. Plants absorb excess nitrates and phosphates preventing contamination of nearby waters
  6. Sequestration of carbon dioxide.
142
Q

Actions to protect, sustainably manage, and restore natural or modified ecosystems, that address societal challenges effectively and adaptively, simultaneously providing human well-being and biodiversity benefits

A

Nature-based solutions

143
Q

CBD

A

Convention on Biological Diversity

144
Q

Nature-based solutions span a wide range of practices; however, we can group them here into four broad categories:

A
  1. Forestry practices such as replanting new forests and improved forestry management.
  2. Wetland-related practices such as peatland and mangrove restoration.
  3. Restorative agricultural practices that strengthen soil biodiversity.
  4. Ocean-based practices involving seagrass and kelp restoration.
145
Q

Advantages of nature-based solutions: (7)

A
  1. Reduce net emissions
  2. Expand carbon sinks
  3. Provide habitats for biodiversity
  4. Benefits for human health and well-being
  5. Help our society and economy adapt to climate change
  6. Make more resilient and nicer places to live and work
  7. There are a number of different ways nature-based solutions can be implemented both in urban and rural environments.
146
Q

A non-management approach to species conservation involving reintroductions to allow for species interactions to create a self-sustaining ecosystem.

A

Rewilding

147
Q

The world’s natural assets including geology, soil, air, water and all living things.

A

Natural Capital

148
Q

The benefits of rewilding (4)

A
  1. Enabling connectivity between habitats will allow for species to easily migrate in order to adapt to the changing climate
  2. Carbon sequestration through the restoration of carbon sinks like native woodlands and peat bogs.
  3. Improves overall biodiversity
  4. Improves local economies through nature-based capital and creates new job opportunities

HB C in CM (9 decks)

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