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HB C in CM > HB HM > Flashcards

HB HM Flashcards

1
Q

Without management many habitats disappear, for example, in the UK, grasslands scrub over and eventually become…

A

deciduous woodland

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2
Q

A classic example of extreme habitat management is

A

Agriculture

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3
Q

Ecosystems provide essential services to people including…

A

clean water, food, pollinators, seed-dispersers, fuel, medicines and building materials - even oxygen!

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4
Q

Reasons to manage a site for wildlife include…

A

enhancing wildlife habitats, protecting species and habitats, avoiding disturbance, avoiding degradation, complying with the law or a planning condition, enhancing the aesthetic value of a site and enhancing the enjoyment and intrinsic value of a site for people.

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5
Q

What is habitat management?

A

the process of managing habitats for a particular purpose, usually to maintain a habitat as it is, or restore or enhance a habitat in order to increase species diversity.

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6
Q

Habitat Management techniques may include…

A

grazing, mowing, planting, scrub removal, controlled burning, tree thinning, pond clearance, removal of invasive species, protective fencing or scraping off fertile soils.

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7
Q

The main ecological processes you need to consider in habitat management are…

A

succession and disturbance

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8
Q

Succession is…

A

the natural process of change from an area devoid of life to a stable climax community

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9
Q

an area that is devoid of life - retreating glaciers or a volcanic eruption

A

primary succession

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10
Q

secondary succession

A

soils and the seed bank remain after natural disasters e.g. floods and fire. So the area is not devoid of life.

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11
Q

Climax community is linked to our location in the world…

A

latitude and climate, and the influence of the sea

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12
Q

Many habitats are present due to natural disturbance…

A

erosion and flooding in coastal, river and upland systems, by trees falling and deer grazing in woodlands

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13
Q

Human disturbance in land management includes… (6)

A

mowing, cutting, coppicing, burning, grazing and ploughing

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14
Q

The release and encouragement of a species in an area where it formally occurred but is now extinct

A

Re-establishments

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15
Q

An attempt to establish a species where it did not previously occur

A

Introductions

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16
Q

Reintroductions

A

an attempt to establish a species in an area where it had been introduced but the reintroduction has been unsuccessful

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17
Q

Reinforcement

A

attempting to increase population size by releasing additional individuals

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18
Q

the transfer of individuals from one site to another (boost population or save individuals which would otherwise be destroyed).

A

Translocation

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19
Q

Succession – the classical model – is a continuous unidirectional, sequential change in the species composition of a natural community. (5 stages)

A

Annual weeds – Herbaceous perennials – Shrubs – Early successional trees – Late successional trees

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20
Q

Self-driven succession that begins on newly formed substrates not occupied by any organisms and where no organic material is present – newly posed rock faces, alluvial deposits and glacial moraines is primary succession. Where vegetation cover has been disturbed by humans, animals or by fire, wind, floods is secondary succession.

A

Autogenic succession

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21
Q

Degradative succession

A

particular type of autogenic, primary succession: the colonisation and subsequent decomposition of dead organic matter

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22
Q

Serial replacement of species can result from external environmental factors, such as geophysical-chemical changes

A

Allogenic succession

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23
Q

What is a hydrosere?

A

Natural succession that started with open water (e.g. pond or lake)

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24
Q

Name 8 global biomes

A

Tundra, Taiga, Grasslands, Savanna, Deciduous Forest, Chaparral, Desert, Desert-scrub, Rainforest, Alpine

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25
Q

What is a habitat?

A

A habitat (which is Latin for “it inhabits”) is the natural environment in which an organism lives, or the physical environment that surrounds (influences and is utilized by) a species population. It is an ecological or environmental area that is inhabited by a particular species or group of species (community) of animal, plant or other type of organism

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26
Q

Name 3 management techniques for grassland

A

Cutting, grazing, burning

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27
Q

Give 5 reasons why you might apply habitat management

A
  1. enhance biodiversity
  2. halt succession
  3. restore a habitat
  4. create new habitats
  5. retain a protected species
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28
Q

Baseline data on the habitats and species present helps you to… (3)

A
  1. To establish which habitats are present and their extent
  2. To establish which species are present, and their populations, distribution, rarity etc
  3. To establish a baseline with which to measure change over time.
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29
Q

Two standard vegetation/habitat survey methods are

A
  1. Phase 1 Habitat Survey
  2. National Vegetation Classification (NVC)
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30
Q

Phase 1 Habitat Survey is

A

Habitats are mapped and classified, e.g. an area of woodland would be either broadleaved, coniferous or mixed.
Target Notes are also made listing species or features of particular interest.

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31
Q

National Vegetation Classification (NVC) is

A

The classification is more detailed than Phase 1, e.g. 19 different woodland types are recognised as well as scrub communities.
The expected species found in each woodland type are also described.

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32
Q

Census techniques for Plants (2)

A
  1. Quadrats (frame or point)
  2. Transects (a sampling line)
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33
Q

Census techniques for Invertebrates (5)

A
  1. Light traps (moths)
  2. Beating (inverts on trees)
  3. Sweep netting
  4. Pitfall traps
  5. Kick sampling (freshwater stream inverts)
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34
Q

Census techniques for Fish (3)

A
  1. Electrofishing
  2. Netting
  3. Hyrodacoustics
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35
Q

Census techniques for Birds (6)

A
  1. Direct counts of roosts
  2. Nests
  3. Flock numbers
  4. Transect walking
  5. Territory mapping
  6. Mist netting
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36
Q

Types of Quadrat surveys… (2)

A
  1. percentage cover - estimate the area of the quadrat that each species covers
  2. Plant numbers
  3. Sward height
  4. Species list - can be compiled for the site and the average % cover for each species worked out

10-15 quadrats per site

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37
Q

How often should you review Habitat management plans?

A

5 years Grassland
10 years for other sites

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38
Q

A management plan serves a number of functions (8)

A
  1. Gathers together or identifies all information concerning the site, i.e. resource to be managed.
  2. Objectives for management are clearly set out.
  3. Actual tasks to be carried out are set down and who will be responsible for carrying them out and when.
  4. Any necessary survey, monitoring or research work is described. Periodic reviews in the form of surveys will be programmed into the plan.
  5. Allows links to be made between local site management and wider policies, e.g. Biodiversity Action Plans or local conservation strategies on a landscape scale.
  6. Allows continuity of management, e.g. when the reserve manager retires/changes job.
  7. Aids communication between interested organisations that are typically consulted during the preparation of the plan (e.g. local users, parish council, fishermen).
  8. Should result in the best use of resources and people. Resources can then be allocated (e.g. staff time) or if funding is required then the management plan can be submitted to funding bodies.
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39
Q

A standard management plan format would cover three main sections.

A
  1. Description
  2. Evaluation and Objectives
  3. Prescriptions and Projects
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40
Q

A site description covers (4)

A
  1. General Information: map of the site and information on its actual area (hectares), ownership and status (e.g. is it a Site of Special Scientific Interest?).
  2. Physical Information: elevation, slope, climate, hydrology/drainage, geology and soils.
  3. Biological Information: Main vegetation and habitat types, flora and fauna (including a list of rare or notable species present). Species lists and an indication of the populations and if they are breeding or are significant for the area.
  4. Cultural Information: History and past land uses, recreational use (including rights of way), undesirable activities (e.g. vandalism or fly tipping), previous conservation management.
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41
Q

Evaluation and Objectives of a management plan would cover

A

Evaluation - out identifying significant habitats and species in area, importance and rarity, as well as the opportunities and constraints on management
Objectives - management of different habitats but also for visitors, recreational use, educational use, research and monitoring. Objectives really need to be quantifiable.

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42
Q

Woodland and dominant tree species in the UK is dictated by

A
  1. Climate
  2. Elevation
  3. Geology
  4. Land use history of a site
43
Q

Phase 1 classification divides woodland into (5)

A
  1. deciduous
  2. conifer
  3. mixed
  4. semi-natural
  5. plantation
44
Q

National Vegetation Classification (NVC) classifies how many woodland communities in the UK?

A

19

45
Q

High Forest is

A

woodland that has a closed canopy, it is fully developed woodland.

46
Q

Ancient Woodland is

A

woodland that has been in existence since at least 1600

47
Q

Ancient woodland indicators plants are (9)

A
  1. bluebells
  2. primroses
  3. wood anemone
  4. wild garlic
  5. yellow archangel
  6. wood sorrel
  7. sanicle
  8. dog’s mercury
  9. scaly male fern
48
Q

PAWS

A

Plantation on Ancient Woodland Site

49
Q

Coppice is

A

either a plantation or ancient woodland which is under a coppice regime which involves cutting the trees close to the ground on a rotation to produce stems for wood products

50
Q

Plantation is

A

woodland planted by people

51
Q

Primary woodland is

A

long-standing woodland probably of ancient origin

52
Q

Secondary woodland is

A

usually consisting of even-aged trees but not in rows. Usually arisen from abandoned land such as a field

53
Q

Woodland Conservation at a national level priorities include (4)

A
  1. Conserving all areas of ancient semi-natural woodland.
  2. Creating new semi-natural woodlands
  3. Restoring PAWs to broadleaf and
  4. Conserving woods that are typical or representative of different locations
54
Q

Factors that influence ecology in woodland will be (7)

A
  1. size
  2. isolation
  3. age
  4. amount of woodland edge
  5. structural diversity
  6. growth stage
  7. amount of dead wood
55
Q

Saproxylic

A

Dead wood invertebrates

56
Q

Coppicing is typically on a rotation of how many years?

A

7-20

57
Q

Wood products from coppicing include (7)

A
  1. stakes
  2. fence posts
  3. tool handles
  4. walking sticks
  5. firewood
  6. charcoal
  7. hurdle-making poles
58
Q

Coppice rotation should be how many years?

A

15-20 as it takes 8 years to produce nuts

59
Q

What things can a woodland manager can do in a managed wood to enhance biodiversity? (6)

A
  1. Favouring natural regeneration of native tree species.
  2. Encouraging a diverse age structure and good shrub layer.
  3. Retaining some large mature trees as well as standing and fallen dead wood.
  4. Removing undesirable species, e.g. Rhododendron can shade out natural scrub and ground flora.
  5. Managing other habitats such as tracks, glades, streams and rocky outcrops.
  6. Ensuring that other forestry operations have minimum negative impacts, e.g. not felling too close to streams, not clear felling.
60
Q

A woodland structure is made up of: (3)

A
  1. Ground layer
  2. Shrub layer
  3. Canopy layer
61
Q

Grassland can only occur with disturbance of what kinds to stop succession? (3)

A
  1. grazing
  2. mowing
  3. burning
62
Q

The type of grassland community found on a site will depend on a number of factors (3)

A
  1. soil conditions (nutrient levels, pH, soil depth and water level)
  2. climate and altitude,
  3. past and present management.
63
Q

Acid grassland communities are most associated with what soils? (2)

A
  1. peat
  2. waterlogged

at higher altitudes and in the north and west of the UK

64
Q

Lowland grasslands are often managed by

A

extensive sheep grazing

short turf with many low growing herbs and grasses

65
Q

Old hay meadows are usually cut in?

A

July and August

66
Q

Some aspects of grazing will affect its use in nature conservation management, such as (3)

A
  1. the intensity of grazing (number of animals),
  2. the pattern of grazing (e.g. all year, seasonally or just occasionally)
  3. the type of grazing animal (e.g. sheep graze the grass to a very low sward height).
67
Q

One important point when planning grazing is to (2)

A
  1. identify the most suitable stock for the job required 2. the appropriate husbandry on site (i.e. water, shelter)
68
Q

Barn Owls have declined by what % in the last 50 years?

A

70%
We have around 4,400 pairs

69
Q

Barn Owls hunt in open ground feeding on?

A

field voles, bank voles, wood mice and shrews

70
Q

Barn Owls hunt mainly by sound, usually following linear features such as

A

hedges, ditches and woodland edges

71
Q

What width grassy margins should be left for Barn Owls?

A

2-3m

72
Q

Dormice feed on a combination of

A

plant materials including flowers, fruits and nuts as well as invertebrates such as caterpillars and spiders

73
Q

Dormice are only active from

A

about April to October/November

74
Q

Great Crested Newts ponds are ideally what size?

A

50 – 250 m²

75
Q

Great Crested Newts are widespread but occur mainly in (where in the UK)

A

southern, eastern and central England

76
Q

Great Created Newts feed on

A

invertebrates such as earthworms, spiders, slugs and insects

77
Q

Many species seem to be restricted to habitats not because they grow better there but because that is the only habitat in which they

A

escape competition

78
Q

Oligotrophic lakes are

A

nutrient-poor

79
Q

What is a metapopulation?

A

a population of populations

The existence of the metapopulation depends upon suitable habitat being continually present within dispersal of previous colonies

80
Q

Species have to be previously known within what distance of a site, to be known as a reintroduction, re-establishment or reinforcement?

A

a 1km radius

81
Q

A distinct successional stage is known as

A

Serial stage

82
Q

A sequence of communities is termed a

A

Sere

i.e Annual weeds – Herbaceous perennials – Shrubs – Early successional trees – Late successional trees

83
Q

Interruption or interference that occurs sufficiently often for it to have exerted some selection pressure on the species experiencing it

A

Disturbance

84
Q

Disturbance can increase community species richness by

A

it prevents dominance by a few competitive species and allows opportunistic species to invade

85
Q

Maximum species diversity will be achieved when the rate of disturbance is sufficient to create gaps for colonisation, but does not exceed the rate at which new species colonise

A

The intermediate disturbance hypothesis

86
Q

Colonisation is determined by priority effects – the first species to arrive will be the one that occupies the site

A

Founder-controlled communities

As any species may become the replacement, community species-richness is maintained at a high level.

87
Q

Management plan format should include: (8)

A
  1. Summary
  2. General Information
  3. Environmental Information (Physical, Biological, Cultural)
  4. Evaluation
  5. Management Policy
  6. Management prescriptions and operations (Research, Monitoring, Survey)
  7. Five-year work programme
  8. Appendixes
88
Q

Practice of controlling the growth, composition/structure, and quality of forests to meet values and needs, specifically timber production

A

Silviculture

89
Q

The study of forests and woods

A

Silvology

90
Q

Three questions to keep in mind for woodland management:

A
  1. is management always needed?
  2. what general prescription is appropriate for the site?
  3. how should general prescription be modified in recognition of the special features of a wood. And its surroundings?
91
Q

The two main traditions of woodland management in Britain are

A

coppicing and wood-pasture

92
Q

Animals graze within the woodland and trees are managed for timber or for large poles by pollarding

A

Wood-pasture

93
Q

A felled patch in which the trees subsequently grow as an even-aged stand

A

Coupe

94
Q

Trees are cut in large coupes, typically at least 1ha, often larger

A

Clear-fell

95
Q

Cutting a stand (of trees) in at least two stages with restocking by natural regeneration

A

Shelterwood systems

96
Q

Smaller scale of clear-felling

A

Group-fell systems (group selection)

97
Q

Management at the level of an individual tree

A

Selection systems

98
Q

At the upper limit of tree growth on British mountains, scrub consisting of Sallow, Junipers and Birches would once have been the characteristic vegetation, though now extremely rare

A

Submontane scrub

99
Q

Grasslands which develop on nutrient-poor soils of low pH and are generally less rich in plant species

A

Acid grasslands

100
Q

Grasslands comprising plant species with a preference for soils that are neither too acid nor too basic.

A

Mesotrophic grassland

101
Q

Grasslands comprise those with a high water table (ill-drained permanent pastures - made up of moisture-loving or moisture tolerant species) and those subject to periodic flooding

A

Lowland wet grasslands

102
Q

Grasslands built during the seventeenth century to control flooding in the reclaimed Norfolk – Cambridgeshire-Lincolnshire fenland

A

Washlands

103
Q

Grasslands developed on soils rich in calcium, typically overlying chalk or limestone. Soils are shallow with a pH of 7.0-8.4, free draining and well-aerated because of the porous underlying rock.

A

Calcareous Grasslands

HB C in CM (9 decks)

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