Hazelnut Flashcards
Which are the three most important countries for hazelnut production in the world?
Turkey , Italy , Azerbaijan USA
Which are the uses of hazelnut? Which is the approximate share per each use?
- In-shell market 10%: large size, no pubescence, no internal fiber. Ex. Barcelona, S. Giovanni
- Confectionery 90% Ex. Tombul, Tonda gentile delle langhe e Tonda Romana, Negret e Pauetet
- In shelled and roasted: pellicle removal (impact taste for phenols and cream color), low fragility, fat content 63-70% (influence shell life), good taste and flavor, reduced size on internal cavity. Ex: Tombul, Tonda Gentile
What are the quality requirements for the confectionery industry in hazelnut production?
Shelled, round shape, 12-14 mm size, no fiber, high pellicle removal, reduced internal cavity size, high fat content for long shelf life, good taste and flavor.
Which are the most diffused hazelnut cultivars in Italy?
Piemonte: Tonda Gentile delle Langhe;
Lazio: Tonda gentile Romana, Nocchione, Tonda di Giffoni;
Campania: Mortarella, San Giovanni, Tonda di Giffoni, Tonda Bianca, Tonda Rossa, Camponica; Sicilia: Siciliana.
Which are the most diffused hazelnut cultivars in Turkey?
Tombul, Sivri, Çakildak, Fosa, Palaz, Mincane, Kalinkara.
Which hazelnut cultivars are suitable for the in-shell market?
Barcelona, Ennis, S. Giovanni, Corabel
What is the characteristic of Turkish hazelnut varieties that impact crop mechanization?
Husks completely cover the nuts and do not release them when ripened, requiring fruit picking with husks and subsequent drying.
What are the names of female and male hazelnut flowers?
Male flowers: Catkins; Female flowers: Glomerules.
What is the optimal pH for hazelnut cultivation?
5.5 - 7 (slightly acid).
What are the limits to the diffusion of hazelnut in cold climates?
Flowering damage at >-8/10°C and bud burst damage at temperatures below -2°C.
What are the propagation techniques for hazelnut, ranked by cost and quality?
Rooted suckers (traditional),
Layering (low cost, low quality),
In vitro (expensive, high volume),
Cutting (relatively simple, short juvenility),
Grafting (labor-intensive, high quality).
What are the training systems used for hazelnut?
Ocak, Bush, Multi stem, Single stem
Why is it important to remove suckers from hazelnut plants?
They compete with the main stem, reduce yield, decrease vegetative vigor, and delay the first bearing.
What are the strategies for sucker removal in hazelnut plants?
Chemical (environmental impact),
Mechanical or manual (expensive),
Thermal (unpractical),
Mulching (expensive),
Efficient clonal rootstock.
What is the Kc range for hazelnut?
From 0.25 up to 0.9
