Hazards

Question 1

Adaptation

Answer 1

People can prepare for the hazard to reduce hazard risk

Question 2

Asthenosphere

Answer 2

softer semi-molten layer on which plates sit + move slowly

Question 3

Atmospheric hazard

Answer 3

Driven by processes at work in the atmosphere
Tropical storms, droughts

Question 4

Benioff zone

Answer 4

Inclined zone which deep earthquakes occur, situated beneath destructive plate boundary where oceanic crust is being subducted

Question 5

Conservative plate boundary

Answer 5

2 plates move laterally past each other (transform margin)

No volcanic activity
Earthquakes occur frequency and low magnitude

Question 6

Continental crust

Answer 6

Less dense

Question 7

Convection currents

Answer 7

Heat driven cycles

Question 8

Convergent plate boundary

Answer 8

O-o: subduction, island arc

Question 9

Divergent plate boundary

Answer 9

Plates move away from each other due to diverging convection cell currents
When plates move apart in continental crust produce rift valleys
When move apart oceanic areas form mid-oceanic ridges
Space between plates filled with basaltic lava upwelling from below creating new crust

Question 10

Fatalism

Answer 10

Do nothing
Acceptance hazards are natural events
Action concerned with safety first

Question 11

Fear

Answer 11

People feel so vulnerable to event they no longer able to face living in area + move away to place perceived to be safe

Question 12

Fold mountains

Answer 12

Occur due to conservative plate boundary
E.g. himalayas
As plates collide sediments are folded up into fold mountains

Question 13

Geophysical hazard

Answer 13

Driven by earth’s own internal energy sources
Plate tectonics, volcanoes, seismic activity, landslide

Question 14

Hydrological hazard

Answer 14

Driven by water bodies
Floods, storm surges, tsunamis

Question 15

Integrated risk management

Answer 15

Analysing potential risks and implementing a coordinated approach to manage and reduce risks

Question 16

Island arc

Answer 16

Chain of volcanic islands

Question 17

Magma plume

Answer 17

hot spots - upwellings of superheated rock that rise from mantle towards surface - break through middle of tectonic plate causing volcanic eruptions and earthquakes

Question 18

mitigation

Answer 18

actions aimed at reducing severity of event and lessening impacts - involve direct intervention (building design) or preparation barriers that may slow down/halt wildfires

Question 19

natural disaster

Answer 19

occur as a result of a hazard and may potentially have enormous impacts on people and property

Question 20

natural hazard

Answer 20

threat of substantial loss of life, substantial impact upon life or damage to property

Question 21

oceanic crust

Answer 21

more dense

Question 22

ocean trenches

Answer 22

deep depression in ocean bed, running parallel to plate boundary and marking subduction zone

Question 23

rift valley

Answer 23

plates pull apart crust subjected to huge pressures causing fracturing - sections of crust between parallel fault lines drop down resulting in volcanic activity

Question 24

seamount/guyots

Answer 24

seamount - underwater volcano that doesn’t reach the surface
guyot - seamount that has a flat top due to erosional processes

Question 25

subduction zone

Answer 25

spot where two tectonic plates collides and one subducts beneath the other

Question 26

lithosphere

Answer 26

crust + rigid upper section of mantle
approx 80-90km thick