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Geography > Global Systems and Global Governance > Flashcards

Global Systems and Global Governance Flashcards

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1
Q

actors

A

people that participate in global governance, exercise power, make decisions, solve problems and improve lives

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2
Q

agrotechnologies

A

application of modern technologies

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3
Q

Antarctic convergence

A

natural boundary in Southern Ocean which loops all the way around the Antarctic continent and separates cold north-flowing water from warmer waters of subantarctic

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4
Q

banana republic

A

country whose economy is dependent on commodities (often leads to politically unstable state)

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5
Q

bandwidth throttling

A

deliberate slowing down of internet service by an internet service provider

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6
Q

bilateral

A

between two parties

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7
Q

bioprospecting

A

process of discovery and commercialisation of new products based on biological resources

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8
Q

colonialism

A

practice of a power in extending control over weaker nations

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9
Q

comparative advantage

A

when a country specialised in producing only those goods that can be produced efficiently and at the lowest opportunity cost

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10
Q

Council of the European Union

A

represents governments of member countries and promotes/defends national interests

government ministers share power over EU budget and legislation with the European parliament

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11
Q

de-skilling

A

when traditional skills and crafts may be lost when production technology replaces manpower

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12
Q

Doha Development Round

A

trade-negotiation round of the WTO that began in 2001

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13
Q

domain

A

territory over which control is exercised

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14
Q

domestic monopoly

A

when a single firm controls a large proportion of the domestic market (25% of greater)

TMT domestic prices are kept high as there is less competition

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15
Q

Dutch disease

A

negative consequences as a result of large increases in countries income

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16
Q

economies of scale

A

ability to reduce costs proportionately by increasing scale of production

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17
Q

empowerment

A

to give power/authority to someone

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18
Q

European Commission

A

executive body that is responsible for proposing and implementing EU laws, monitoring treaties and day-to-day running of EU

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19
Q

European Council

A

sets the EU’s overall political direction and priorities

made up of the heads of state/government of EU member countries

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20
Q

European Parliament

A

represents the 500 million EU citizens

adopts laws proposed by the Commission

shares power over the EU budget and legislation with the Council of the European Union

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21
Q

fairtrade

A

value-based organisation aims to tackle injustices of globalised economy

aims to pay farmers a guaranteed minimum price, offer fair terms of trade and make payment of an additional development premium for reinvestment

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22
Q

flexibility of production

A

method of production that is sufficiently flexible to be able to respond to both planned/unplanned changes (strike action / natural disaster)

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23
Q

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)

A

investment made by a company based in one country into a company based in another country

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24
Q

G8 + 5

A

group of 8 countries (Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, UK and USA) meets annually to discuss economic development

2005 G8+5 formed to include China, India, Brazil, Mexico and South Africa

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25
Q

G20

A

inter-governmental organisation which comprises 19 individual countries plus EU

brings together developed & developing countries to discuss key economic issues

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26
Q

global commons

A

those parts of the planet that fall outside national jurisdictions and to which all nations have access

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27
Q

global governance

A

international process of consensus-forming which generates guidelines and agreements

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28
Q

global product

A

product that is marketed and branded throughout the world

many TNCs produce these e.g. Coca-Cola, Nike, (Jaguar) Land Rover

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29
Q

glocalisation

A

describes a product that is developed and distributed globally but is adapted to meet local market tastes / needs (MCD)

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30
Q

horizontal integration

A

improving links between firms in the same stage of production

occurs when a TNC acquires competitors in the same industry and uses common structures in the hope of making cost savings

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31
Q

incentive gap

A

gap between the need for international cooperation and the motivation to undertake it

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32
Q

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

A

standardises global financial relations and aims to promote global monetary and exchange stability by monitoring the global economy and encouraging the growth of international trade

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33
Q

International Whaling Commission (IWC)

A

voluntary organisation set up to monitor and conserve global whale stocks and oversee whaling industry

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34
Q

jurisdictional gap

A

gap between increasing need for global governance in many areas (health, water security) and lack of an authority with the power/juristiction to take action

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35
Q

loss leaders

A

goods that supermarkets sell so cheaply that no profit is made in order to use them as an incentive to lure in shoppers

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36
Q

Marine Protected Areas (MPAs)

A

marine areas where certain activities are limited or prohibited in order to meet specific conservation, habitat protection or fisheries management objectives

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37
Q

marine reserves

A

fully protected areas that are off-limits to all extractive uses (fishing)

provide highest level of protection to all elements of the ocean ecosystem

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38
Q

Member countries of the EU

A

implement the laws passed by the EU

Commission ensures that the laws are properly applied and implemented

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39
Q

monopoly

A

when a single company/group owns all/nearly all of market - little choice and little competition

viewed with caution as they are able to control prices

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40
Q

Non-Governmental Organisation (NGO)

A

non-profit organisation created by private organisations or people with no participation or representation by any government

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41
Q

Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

A

organisation/cartel that follows a common approach to the scale of oil

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42
Q

Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)

A

global ‘think tank’ for 35 of the world’s wealthiest nations which aims to promote policies to improve economic and social prosperity

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43
Q

over-specialisation

A

when focus of production is on only one or two products

lack of flexibility + ability to diversify if the same goods can be produced more cheaply oversees

44
Q

participation gap

A

international cooperation remains the affair of governments, leaving civil society groups on the fringes of policy-making

45
Q

primary products

A

goods made up of natural raw material + have not been through any manufacturing process (oil, timber, fish)

46
Q

product dumping

A

when products are exported at price that is lower in the foreign market than the price charged domestically

47
Q

purchasing power

A

amount that consumers can buy for their money

increasing trade results in increased competition that lowers prices and gives consumers increased purchasing power

48
Q

single-product economy

A

country which relies of a very small number of products for its export earnings

49
Q

sovereignty

A

power/authority countries have to govern themselves

50
Q

spreading of locational risks

A

spreading of risk by investing in different geographical locations

51
Q

status quo

A

keep social/political matters the same

52
Q

tariff

A

tax that is paid on goods coming into or going out out of a country

53
Q

terms of trade

A

value of country’s exports relative to that of its imports

54
Q

trade bloc

A

where a set if countries trade freely with each other with few barriers (tariffs)

55
Q

trade liberalisation

A

involves removing barriers (tariffs) or custom

56
Q

trade protectionism

A

use of barriers (tariffs) or customs to increase price of imports so protect domestic production

57
Q

Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP)

A

new trade deal being negotiated between US and EU
aim of liberalising ‘one third of global trade’

58
Q

transnational companies (TNCs)

A

companies that operate in at least 2 countries

59
Q

United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)

A

global environmental authority and advocate

sets global environmental agenda

seeks to promote coherent implementation of environmental dimension of sustainable development

60
Q

vertical integration

A

industry where one company controls multiple stages in the production & distribution chain

61
Q

World Bank

A

promotes investment globally + provides loans for countries

62
Q

World Trade Organisation (WTO)

A

global organization that deals with the rules of trade between nations

63
Q

Describe 3 Characteristics of Antarctica’s Climate

A
  1. Receives less than 166mm of precipitation a year - ‘desert’
  2. Average temperature = -49°C.
  3. Coldest and driest continent on Earth.
64
Q

How much Ice is there in Antarctica?

A

Antarctica contains 90% of all ice on Earth, storing 70% of all the Earth’s freshwater.

65
Q

Describe the Flora and Fauna of Antarctica

A

Very few plants can survive, mainly mosses and lichens. Only 2 species of flowering plants grow. The ecosystems are very fragile and take a long time to recover.

66
Q

What are the 4 main threats to Antarctica?

A
  1. Climate change.
  2. Fishing and whaling.
  3. Search for minerals.
  4. Tourism and research.
67
Q

How has the Climate Changed in Antarctica?

A

In the past five decades, areas along the coast have warmed by 3°C, which is the fastest temperature rise in the world.

68
Q

How has Climate Change affected Antarctica’s Ice Shelves?

A

Warming has caused the ice shelves around the Weddell Sea and the Ross Sea to melt. As this has happened, it has completely changed the environment.

69
Q

How Have Penguins been affected by Climate Change?

A

Species of penguin, such as the Adelie penguins have declined as they are adapted to sea ice, which has melted. They have been replaced by Chinstrap Penguins which are better adapted to open sea conditions.

70
Q

How has Climate Change affected the Arctic Krill?

A

The Arctic Krill population has decline by about 80% since the 1970s as the sea ice has melted. Krill are the main food source for penguins, whales and seals, so their are affecting all of the Antarctic food chain.

71
Q

How is Climate Change Affecting Ocean Acidification?

A

Ocean acidification is happening. This is where CO2 in the air reacts with saltwater to create carbonic acid, depleting the amount of calcium carbonate in the water. This can be devastating to Antarctica’s plankton, which need calcium carbonate to form their shells.

72
Q

What Threats does Over-Fishing Pose?

A

It threatens many species, especially Antarctic Krill, the most fished marine creature. Reduced fish and krill populations have knock-on effects on the food chain.

73
Q

Why are Antarctic Krill Fished so Heavily?

A

Its mostly processed into feed for farmed fish or omega-3 nutritional supplements for humans.

74
Q

What Role has Whaling had on the Antarctic Ecosystem?

A

Whaling was common in the mid 20th century, but has declined since 1982 when regulations were brought in to ban all commercial whaling. The Antarctic Whale population had decreased significantly but is slowly recovering.

75
Q

How is the Search for Minerals Posing a Threat on Antarctica?

A

There are lots of minerals in Antarctica, such as underground deposits of coal, and large reservoirs of oil in the Southern Ocean. These fuels are very high in demand.

76
Q

How is the Search for Minerals being Managed?

A

Mining is currently banned, but the continents conditions would make it very expensive and difficult to mine. This may change in the future due the increasing demand for fossil fuels.

77
Q

How is Tourism Posing a Threat?

A

Tourism increases air travel and shipping, increasing pollution. Tourists can disturb breeding colonies, trample fragile vegetation and erode the landscape. Litter and waste disposal damages wildlife and habitats, especially as decomposition rates are so slow due to the temperature.

78
Q

How is Scientific Research Posing a Threat?

A

Requires lots of facilities, including roads, bases and fuel stores. until the 1980s, a lot of waste created was either burned, thrown into the sea or dumped.

79
Q

What is the United Nations Environment Programme?

A

UNEP is an agency that governs the worlds environment and is responsible for reporting activity in Antarctica to the UN.

80
Q

Who Runs UNEP?

A

The Commission for Conservation of Marine Living Resources (CCMLR), which aims to stop illegal fishing and conserve the Antarctic ecosystem.

81
Q

What is the International Whaling Commission?

A

The IWC is an organisation responsible for regulating whaling and ensuring the whale population is at a sustainable level.

82
Q

What has the IWC done to Help?

A

In 1994, it set up a whale sanctuary in the Southern Ocean in order to protect whales. However, it is criticised for not properly monitoring the number of whales in the sanctuary.

83
Q

What is the Antarctic Treaty?

A

The Antarctic Treatu was written in 1959 and is an agreement signed by 53 countries.

84
Q

What do the Rules of the Antarctic Treaty Include?

A
  1. Antarctica should only be used for peaceful reasons.
  2. Countries should co-operate on scientific research by sharing plans, results and researchers.
  3. Antarctica should remain in the Global Commons.
85
Q

What did the 1991 Protocol Do?

A

Banned all mining as well as create rules to protect plants and animals, regulate waste disposal and prevent pollution. An environmental impact assessment is also required for any new activities.

86
Q

What is the Whaling Moratorium?

A

In 1982, the IWC introduced a whaling moratorium, banning all commercial whaling around the world, helping to increase whale populations. The success is monitored by estimating populations based on sightings and modelling.

87
Q

Why is there Controversy in Regards to the Whaling Moratorium?

A

Some countries (US and Australia) believe there should be better monitoring, such as registering all whaling boats. Other countries (Japan and Norway) say the IWC doesn’t have authority to do this.

88
Q

What is the role of Non-Governmental organisations in Antarctica?

A

NGOs monitor threats and protect the environment. They are well positioned to observe if countries are sticking to laws as there is no bias. Speak about what countries are doing wrong. Monitor the effects of climate change.

89
Q

What is the Antarctic and Souther Coalition?

A

It was formed in 1978 by NGOs who were worried that mining would become legal.

90
Q

What are the 4 Principles of Creating Antarctica into a World Park?

A
  1. Recognition of intrinsic value of the continent - world’s largest great and near-pristine wilderness.
  2. Protection of all wildlife and ecological communities.
  3. Use of continent only for high quality scientific activity.
  4. Maintain the continent as a zone of peace, free of all weapons including nuclear ones.
91
Q

What 4 Activities do Greenpeace want to Prohibit?

A
  1. Mineral and oil exploitation.
  2. Military and nuclear activities.
  3. Disposal of radio-active and toxic waste.
  4. Killing and interfering with marine animals, birds and plant life.
92
Q

Industrial Revolution

A

started in Britain in 1700s
transformed how society produced products
change in migration patterns
changed culture
transformed agriculture
created trade

93
Q

tertiary sector

A

jobs are services
quaternary sector (service jobs that are about acquiring, processing + sharing info) & quinary sector (service jobs that involve making decisions)

94
Q

economic sectors & patterns: core countries

A

most advanced economies, higher standard of living + more jobs in tertiary sector e.g. US, Canada

95
Q

economic sectors & patterns: semi-periphery countries

A

increased standard of living with more industrialisation + more jobs in secondary/tertiary sector e.g. Mexico, Brazil, India

96
Q

economic sectors & patterns: periphery countries

A

low standard of living with most of production exported to more developed countries + jobs located in primary/secondary sector e.g. Africa & Asia

97
Q

break of bulk points

A

when we’re transferring goods from one mode of transportation to another over long distances

98
Q

globalisation

A

process where the world becomes more interconnected through the movement of people, goods, ideas

99
Q

dimensions of globalisation

A

flows of capital, labour, products, services and information, global marketing, patterns of production, distribution and consumption

100
Q

what drives globalisation?

A

developments in communication and transport technologies
introduction of bulk carriers + container ships helps reduce cost of transport + greatly increases volume of world trade
development of internet + email enables access + distribute vast amounts of information
TNCs
international trade

101
Q

economic changes with globalisation

A

economies, technology, capital, trade, TNCs, industries, employment

102
Q

social changes with globalisation

A

communication, violence, crime, culture

103
Q

political changes with globalisation

A

services, investment, unions, trading blocs e.g. European Union

104
Q

Globalisation - The Global Village

A

1963 Marshall McLuhan describe world as community where distance being significantly + rapidly reduced by electronic media
results in interconnected world where a person can communicate with someone over the world and culture can be shared.
Considered one culture would begin to dominate

105
Q
A

Geography (5 decks)

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