Global Systems and Global Governance Flashcards
actors
people that participate in global governance, exercise power, make decisions, solve problems and improve lives
agrotechnologies
application of modern technologies
Antarctic convergence
natural boundary in Southern Ocean which loops all the way around the Antarctic continent and separates cold north-flowing water from warmer waters of subantarctic
banana republic
country whose economy is dependent on commodities (often leads to politically unstable state)
bandwidth throttling
deliberate slowing down of internet service by an internet service provider
bilateral
between two parties
bioprospecting
process of discovery and commercialisation of new products based on biological resources
colonialism
practice of a power in extending control over weaker nations
comparative advantage
when a country specialised in producing only those goods that can be produced efficiently and at the lowest opportunity cost
Council of the European Union
represents governments of member countries and promotes/defends national interests
government ministers share power over EU budget and legislation with the European parliament
de-skilling
when traditional skills and crafts may be lost when production technology replaces manpower
Doha Development Round
trade-negotiation round of the WTO that began in 2001
domain
territory over which control is exercised
domestic monopoly
when a single firm controls a large proportion of the domestic market (25% of greater)
TMT domestic prices are kept high as there is less competition
Dutch disease
negative consequences as a result of large increases in countries income
economies of scale
ability to reduce costs proportionately by increasing scale of production
empowerment
to give power/authority to someone
European Commission
executive body that is responsible for proposing and implementing EU laws, monitoring treaties and day-to-day running of EU
European Council
sets the EU’s overall political direction and priorities
made up of the heads of state/government of EU member countries
European Parliament
represents the 500 million EU citizens
adopts laws proposed by the Commission
shares power over the EU budget and legislation with the Council of the European Union
fairtrade
value-based organisation aims to tackle injustices of globalised economy
aims to pay farmers a guaranteed minimum price, offer fair terms of trade and make payment of an additional development premium for reinvestment
flexibility of production
method of production that is sufficiently flexible to be able to respond to both planned/unplanned changes (strike action / natural disaster)
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)
investment made by a company based in one country into a company based in another country
G8 + 5
group of 8 countries (Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, UK and USA) meets annually to discuss economic development
2005 G8+5 formed to include China, India, Brazil, Mexico and South Africa
G20
inter-governmental organisation which comprises 19 individual countries plus EU
brings together developed & developing countries to discuss key economic issues
global commons
those parts of the planet that fall outside national jurisdictions and to which all nations have access
global governance
international process of consensus-forming which generates guidelines and agreements
global product
product that is marketed and branded throughout the world
many TNCs produce these e.g. Coca-Cola, Nike, (Jaguar) Land Rover
glocalisation
describes a product that is developed and distributed globally but is adapted to meet local market tastes / needs (MCD)
horizontal integration
improving links between firms in the same stage of production
occurs when a TNC acquires competitors in the same industry and uses common structures in the hope of making cost savings
incentive gap
gap between the need for international cooperation and the motivation to undertake it
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
standardises global financial relations and aims to promote global monetary and exchange stability by monitoring the global economy and encouraging the growth of international trade
International Whaling Commission (IWC)
voluntary organisation set up to monitor and conserve global whale stocks and oversee whaling industry
jurisdictional gap
gap between increasing need for global governance in many areas (health, water security) and lack of an authority with the power/juristiction to take action
loss leaders
goods that supermarkets sell so cheaply that no profit is made in order to use them as an incentive to lure in shoppers
Marine Protected Areas (MPAs)
marine areas where certain activities are limited or prohibited in order to meet specific conservation, habitat protection or fisheries management objectives
marine reserves
fully protected areas that are off-limits to all extractive uses (fishing)
provide highest level of protection to all elements of the ocean ecosystem
Member countries of the EU
implement the laws passed by the EU
Commission ensures that the laws are properly applied and implemented
monopoly
when a single company/group owns all/nearly all of market - little choice and little competition
viewed with caution as they are able to control prices
Non-Governmental Organisation (NGO)
non-profit organisation created by private organisations or people with no participation or representation by any government
Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
organisation/cartel that follows a common approach to the scale of oil
Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)
global ‘think tank’ for 35 of the world’s wealthiest nations which aims to promote policies to improve economic and social prosperity
over-specialisation
when focus of production is on only one or two products
lack of flexibility + ability to diversify if the same goods can be produced more cheaply oversees
participation gap
international cooperation remains the affair of governments, leaving civil society groups on the fringes of policy-making
primary products
goods made up of natural raw material + have not been through any manufacturing process (oil, timber, fish)
product dumping
when products are exported at price that is lower in the foreign market than the price charged domestically
purchasing power
amount that consumers can buy for their money
increasing trade results in increased competition that lowers prices and gives consumers increased purchasing power
single-product economy
country which relies of a very small number of products for its export earnings
sovereignty
power/authority countries have to govern themselves
spreading of locational risks
spreading of risk by investing in different geographical locations
status quo
keep social/political matters the same
tariff
tax that is paid on goods coming into or going out out of a country
terms of trade
value of country’s exports relative to that of its imports
trade bloc
where a set if countries trade freely with each other with few barriers (tariffs)
trade liberalisation
involves removing barriers (tariffs) or custom
trade protectionism
use of barriers (tariffs) or customs to increase price of imports so protect domestic production
Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP)
new trade deal being negotiated between US and EU
aim of liberalising ‘one third of global trade’
transnational companies (TNCs)
companies that operate in at least 2 countries
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
global environmental authority and advocate
sets global environmental agenda
seeks to promote coherent implementation of environmental dimension of sustainable development
vertical integration
industry where one company controls multiple stages in the production & distribution chain
World Bank
promotes investment globally + provides loans for countries
World Trade Organisation (WTO)
global organization that deals with the rules of trade between nations
Describe 3 Characteristics of Antarctica’s Climate
- Receives less than 166mm of precipitation a year - ‘desert’
- Average temperature = -49°C.
- Coldest and driest continent on Earth.
How much Ice is there in Antarctica?
Antarctica contains 90% of all ice on Earth, storing 70% of all the Earth’s freshwater.
Describe the Flora and Fauna of Antarctica
Very few plants can survive, mainly mosses and lichens. Only 2 species of flowering plants grow. The ecosystems are very fragile and take a long time to recover.
What are the 4 main threats to Antarctica?
- Climate change.
- Fishing and whaling.
- Search for minerals.
- Tourism and research.
How has the Climate Changed in Antarctica?
In the past five decades, areas along the coast have warmed by 3°C, which is the fastest temperature rise in the world.
How has Climate Change affected Antarctica’s Ice Shelves?
Warming has caused the ice shelves around the Weddell Sea and the Ross Sea to melt. As this has happened, it has completely changed the environment.
How Have Penguins been affected by Climate Change?
Species of penguin, such as the Adelie penguins have declined as they are adapted to sea ice, which has melted. They have been replaced by Chinstrap Penguins which are better adapted to open sea conditions.
How has Climate Change affected the Arctic Krill?
The Arctic Krill population has decline by about 80% since the 1970s as the sea ice has melted. Krill are the main food source for penguins, whales and seals, so their are affecting all of the Antarctic food chain.
How is Climate Change Affecting Ocean Acidification?
Ocean acidification is happening. This is where CO2 in the air reacts with saltwater to create carbonic acid, depleting the amount of calcium carbonate in the water. This can be devastating to Antarctica’s plankton, which need calcium carbonate to form their shells.
What Threats does Over-Fishing Pose?
It threatens many species, especially Antarctic Krill, the most fished marine creature. Reduced fish and krill populations have knock-on effects on the food chain.
Why are Antarctic Krill Fished so Heavily?
Its mostly processed into feed for farmed fish or omega-3 nutritional supplements for humans.
What Role has Whaling had on the Antarctic Ecosystem?
Whaling was common in the mid 20th century, but has declined since 1982 when regulations were brought in to ban all commercial whaling. The Antarctic Whale population had decreased significantly but is slowly recovering.
How is the Search for Minerals Posing a Threat on Antarctica?
There are lots of minerals in Antarctica, such as underground deposits of coal, and large reservoirs of oil in the Southern Ocean. These fuels are very high in demand.
How is the Search for Minerals being Managed?
Mining is currently banned, but the continents conditions would make it very expensive and difficult to mine. This may change in the future due the increasing demand for fossil fuels.
How is Tourism Posing a Threat?
Tourism increases air travel and shipping, increasing pollution. Tourists can disturb breeding colonies, trample fragile vegetation and erode the landscape. Litter and waste disposal damages wildlife and habitats, especially as decomposition rates are so slow due to the temperature.
How is Scientific Research Posing a Threat?
Requires lots of facilities, including roads, bases and fuel stores. until the 1980s, a lot of waste created was either burned, thrown into the sea or dumped.
What is the United Nations Environment Programme?
UNEP is an agency that governs the worlds environment and is responsible for reporting activity in Antarctica to the UN.
Who Runs UNEP?
The Commission for Conservation of Marine Living Resources (CCMLR), which aims to stop illegal fishing and conserve the Antarctic ecosystem.
What is the International Whaling Commission?
The IWC is an organisation responsible for regulating whaling and ensuring the whale population is at a sustainable level.
What has the IWC done to Help?
In 1994, it set up a whale sanctuary in the Southern Ocean in order to protect whales. However, it is criticised for not properly monitoring the number of whales in the sanctuary.
What is the Antarctic Treaty?
The Antarctic Treatu was written in 1959 and is an agreement signed by 53 countries.
What do the Rules of the Antarctic Treaty Include?
- Antarctica should only be used for peaceful reasons.
- Countries should co-operate on scientific research by sharing plans, results and researchers.
- Antarctica should remain in the Global Commons.
What did the 1991 Protocol Do?
Banned all mining as well as create rules to protect plants and animals, regulate waste disposal and prevent pollution. An environmental impact assessment is also required for any new activities.
What is the Whaling Moratorium?
In 1982, the IWC introduced a whaling moratorium, banning all commercial whaling around the world, helping to increase whale populations. The success is monitored by estimating populations based on sightings and modelling.
Why is there Controversy in Regards to the Whaling Moratorium?
Some countries (US and Australia) believe there should be better monitoring, such as registering all whaling boats. Other countries (Japan and Norway) say the IWC doesn’t have authority to do this.
What is the role of Non-Governmental organisations in Antarctica?
NGOs monitor threats and protect the environment. They are well positioned to observe if countries are sticking to laws as there is no bias. Speak about what countries are doing wrong. Monitor the effects of climate change.
What is the Antarctic and Souther Coalition?
It was formed in 1978 by NGOs who were worried that mining would become legal.
What are the 4 Principles of Creating Antarctica into a World Park?
- Recognition of intrinsic value of the continent - world’s largest great and near-pristine wilderness.
- Protection of all wildlife and ecological communities.
- Use of continent only for high quality scientific activity.
- Maintain the continent as a zone of peace, free of all weapons including nuclear ones.
What 4 Activities do Greenpeace want to Prohibit?
- Mineral and oil exploitation.
- Military and nuclear activities.
- Disposal of radio-active and toxic waste.
- Killing and interfering with marine animals, birds and plant life.
Industrial Revolution
started in Britain in 1700s
transformed how society produced products
change in migration patterns
changed culture
transformed agriculture
created trade
tertiary sector
jobs are services
quaternary sector (service jobs that are about acquiring, processing + sharing info) & quinary sector (service jobs that involve making decisions)
economic sectors & patterns: core countries
most advanced economies, higher standard of living + more jobs in tertiary sector e.g. US, Canada
economic sectors & patterns: semi-periphery countries
increased standard of living with more industrialisation + more jobs in secondary/tertiary sector e.g. Mexico, Brazil, India
economic sectors & patterns: periphery countries
low standard of living with most of production exported to more developed countries + jobs located in primary/secondary sector e.g. Africa & Asia
break of bulk points
when we’re transferring goods from one mode of transportation to another over long distances
globalisation
process where the world becomes more interconnected through the movement of people, goods, ideas
dimensions of globalisation
flows of capital, labour, products, services and information, global marketing, patterns of production, distribution and consumption
what drives globalisation?
developments in communication and transport technologies
introduction of bulk carriers + container ships helps reduce cost of transport + greatly increases volume of world trade
development of internet + email enables access + distribute vast amounts of information
TNCs
international trade
economic changes with globalisation
economies, technology, capital, trade, TNCs, industries, employment
social changes with globalisation
communication, violence, crime, culture
political changes with globalisation
services, investment, unions, trading blocs e.g. European Union
Globalisation - The Global Village
1963 Marshall McLuhan describe world as community where distance being significantly + rapidly reduced by electronic media
results in interconnected world where a person can communicate with someone over the world and culture can be shared.
Considered one culture would begin to dominate
