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Hazards Flashcards

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1
Q

What is slab pull?

A

When a plate subducts due to its negative buoyancy (as a result of cooling of the oceanic rock over time), the plate sinking into the mantle pulls the rest of the plate (slab) with it, causing further subduction.

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2
Q

What is ridge push?

A

When plates at a higher elevation (after being pushed upwards by positive upwelling of hotter mantle rock) move apart due to gravity on it.
- Gravity widens the gap in a process known as gravitational sliding.

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3
Q

What is a hazard?

A

A potential threat to human life and property caused by an event.

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4
Q

What is a natural disaster?

A

When a vulnerable population is exposed to a hazard.

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5
Q

What are the 3 types of hazards?

A

Geophysical
Atmospheric
Hydrological

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6
Q

What are hazards that are both atmospheric and hydrological known as?

A

Hydrometeorological

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7
Q

What factors affect hazard perception?

A
  • Wealth
  • Experience
  • Education
  • Religion and beliefs
  • Mobility
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8
Q

What is fatalism?

A

The viewpoint that hazards are uncontrollable, and any losses should be accepted as there is nothing to do to stop them.

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9
Q

What tectonic process does gravitational sliding have a role in?

A

Ridge push

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10
Q

What tectonic process does positive upwelling of hotter mantle rock have a role in?

A

Ridge push

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11
Q

What tectonic process does subduction have a role in?

A

Slab pull

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12
Q

What tectonic process does negative buoyancy have a role in?

A

Slab pull

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13
Q

What is an example of a passive response to hazard risk?

A

Fatalism

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14
Q

What are examples of active responses to hazard risk?

A
  • Prediction
  • Adaptation
  • Mitigation
  • Management
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15
Q

What is the difference between adaptation and mitigation?

A

Mitigation = strategies carried out to lessen the severity of a hazard.
Adaptation = Attempting to live with hazards by adjusting lifestyle choices so that vulnerability is lessened.

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16
Q

Example of an adaptation response to hazards

A

Earthquake proof houses

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17
Q

Example of a mitigation response to hazards:

A

Sandbags to offset impact of flooding

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18
Q

What is frequency also known as in terms of hazards?

A

Incidence

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19
Q

What are typically more severe, high incidence hazards or low incidence hazards?

A

Low incidence hazards

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20
Q

What are the problems with managing low incidence hazards?

A
  • Harder to predict
  • Less management strategies are put in place
  • More intense when they actually occur
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21
Q

What is intensity in terms of hazards?

A

The power of a hazard (how strong it is and how damaging its effects are).

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22
Q

What is magnitude in terms of hazards?

A

The size of a hazard

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23
Q

What is typically used to measure intensity of a hazard?

A

Magnitude

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24
Q

What is the difference between intensity and magnitude?

A

Magnitude is definable and numerical.
Intensity relates more to the effects on the person.

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25
What is the Park Model?
A graphical representation of human responses to hazards, including stages of response and a time frame.
26
What does the steepness of the curve on a Park Model show?
How quickly an area deteriorates and recovers
27
What does the depth of the curve on a Park Model show?
The scale of the disaster (lower the curve = lower the quality of life)
28
What are the 3 states in which general quality of life can be in on the Park Model? (i.e. on the y axis)
- Improvement - Normality - Deterioration
29
What are the 3 stages of response on the Park Model? (i.e. on the x axis)
1. Relief 2. Rehabilitation 3. Reconstruction
30
Why is the Park Model useful?
Can be used to compare hazards with each other
31
What is stage 1 on the Park Model? - How long is it? - What typically occurs?
Relief - Hours/days - Immediate local response
32
What is stage 2 on the Park Model? - How long is it? - What typically occurs?
Rehabilitation - Days/weeks - Restoration of services, coordinated foreign aid, food and water distributed.
33
What is stage 3 on the Park Model? - How long is it? - What typically occurs?
Reconstruction - Weeks/months/years - Infrastructure rebuilt, mitigation efforts for future events. - Restoration to normality (hopefully?)
34
What does the Hazard Management Cycle outline?
The stages of responding to events.
35
What are the 4 stages of response in the Hazard Management Cycle (in order)?
Event occurs: 1. Response 2. Recovery 3. Mitigation 4. Preparedness
36
What is the key problem with hazard models in general?
The unpredictability of some hazards makes the models less effective at accurately representing human responses to hazards.
37
How thick is the crust in kilometres?
0 to 100km
38
What is the very top layer of the mantle known as?
Asthenosphere
39
What lies above the mantle?
Crust/Lithosphere
40
What 2 layers does the lithosphere consist of:
- Crust - Upper layer of mantle
41
What is the lithosphere broken up into?
Tectonic Plates
42
What is the inner core made up of?
Iron/nickel - Uranium
43
What state is the inner core?
Solid
44
What state is the outer core?
Semi-molten
45
What is the outer core made up of?
Iron/nickel
46
What is the mantle made up of?
Rocks high in silicon
47
What state is the mantle?
Mainly solid rock
48
What state is the asthenosphere?
Semi-molten
49
What layer are convection currents located?
Mantle
50
What are convection currents? - What are they powered by?
Flows of heat - Powered by heat from core
51
What are the 2 types of crust?
- Oceanic - Continental
52
What crust layer is dense and easily destroyed by plate movement?
Oceanic crust
53
What crust layer is less dense and not destroyed by plate movement?
Continental crust
54
What causes tectonic plates to move?
Convection currents
55
What are the edges of where plates meet known as?
Plate boundaries/margins
56
How do convection currents form?
When less dense magma rises, cools, then sinks.
57
What are the 3 types of plate boundaries?
- Constructive - Destructive - Conservative
58
What type of plate boundary can occur at a continental/continental margin?
Constructive Destructive Conservative
59
What type of plate boundary can occur at an oceanic/oceanic margin?
Constructive Destructive Conservative
60
What type of plate boundary can occur at a continental/oceanic margin?
Destructive Conservative
61
What is Paleomagnetism?
The study of rocks that show the magnetic fields of the Earth.
62
What hazards/landforms develop at a constructive continental/continental plate boundary?
- Rift valleys - Volcanoes - Earthquakes
63
What hazards/landforms develop at a constructive oceanic/oceanic plate boundary?
- Ocean ridges - Earthquakes - Volcanoes
64
What hazard occurs at a conservative plate boundary?
Earthquakes
65
What hazards/landforms develop at a destructive continental/continental plate boundary?
- Fold mountains - Earthquakes
66
What hazards/landforms develop at a destructive oceanic/oceanic plate boundary?
- Ocean trenches - Island arcs - Earthquakes - Volcanoes
67
What hazards/landforms develop at a destructive continental/oceanic plate boundary?
- Volcanoes - Fold mountains - Earthquakes
68
What plate boundaries do fold mountains develop?
Destructive: - continental/continental - continental/oceanic
69
What plate boundaries do volcanoes develop?
Constructive: - continental/continental - oceanic/oceanic Destructive: - continental/oceanic - oceanic/oceanic
70
What plate boundary do rift valleys develop?
Constructive: - continental/continental
71
What plate boundary do ocean ridges develop?
Constructive: - oceanic/oceanic
72
What plate boundaries do ocean trenches develop?
Destructive - oceanic/oceanic - continental/oceanic
73
What plate boundary do island arcs develop?
Destructive - oceanic/oceanic
74
What plate boundaries do earthquakes occur?
All of them
75
What are hotspots?
Areas of volcanic activity that are not related to plate boundaries.
76
What can form around hotspots?
- Volcanoes - Islands (island chains)
77
How do hotspots form?
Hot magma plumes from the mantle rise and burn through weaker parts of the crust, forming volcanoes and islands.
78
Example of a hotspot:
Hawaii
79
What are constructive plate boundaries also known as?
Divergent
80
What are destructive plate boundaries also known as?
Divergent
81
What plate boundary does slab pull and ridge push occur?
Constructive/convergent
82
How do ocean trenches form?
Denser oceanic plate subducts below continental, leaving an ocean trench.
83
How do fold mountains form?
Sediment is pushed upwards by subduction. Or, they can be formed from piles of continental crust.
84
How do rift valleys form?
Land in the middle of a plate separation is forced apart.
85
What theory does Paleomagnetism support?
Sea Floor Spreading
86
What is a physical example of paleomagnetism on the ocean floor?
On either side of a constructive plate boundary, symmetrical bands of rock with alternating bands of magnetic polarity, due to the periodic switching of our poles.
87
What are some examples of volcanic hazards?
- Lava flows - Lahars (mudflows) - Jokulhlaups (glacial floods) - Tephra - Toxic gases - Acid rain - Pyroclastic flows
88
What is tephra?
Any type of rock that is ejected by a volcano.
89
How is acid rain caused by volcanoes?
When gases such as sulfur dioxide are released into the atmosphere.
90
What is the average speed of pyroclastic flows? - What speed can they reach?
60mph - Can reach 430 mph
91
What does VEI stand for?
Volcanic Explosivity Index

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