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Geography > Hazards > Flashcards

Hazards Flashcards

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1
Q

What is slab pull?

A

When a plate subducts due to its negative buoyancy (as a result of cooling of the oceanic rock over time), the plate sinking into the mantle pulls the rest of the plate (slab) with it, causing further subduction.

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2
Q

What is ridge push?

A

When plates at a higher elevation (after being pushed upwards by positive upwelling of hotter mantle rock) move apart due to gravity on it.
- Gravity widens the gap in a process known as gravitational sliding.

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3
Q

What is a hazard?

A

A potential threat to human life and property caused by an event.

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4
Q

What is a natural disaster?

A

When a vulnerable population is exposed to a hazard.

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5
Q

What are the 3 types of hazards?

A

Geophysical
Atmospheric
Hydrological

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6
Q

What are hazards that are both atmospheric and hydrological known as?

A

Hydrometeorological

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7
Q

What factors affect hazard perception?

A
  • Wealth
  • Experience
  • Education
  • Religion and beliefs
  • Mobility
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8
Q

What is fatalism?

A

The viewpoint that hazards are uncontrollable, and any losses should be accepted as there is nothing to do to stop them.

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9
Q

What tectonic process does gravitational sliding have a role in?

A

Ridge push

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10
Q

What tectonic process does positive upwelling of hotter mantle rock have a role in?

A

Ridge push

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11
Q

What tectonic process does subduction have a role in?

A

Slab pull

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12
Q

What tectonic process does negative buoyancy have a role in?

A

Slab pull

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13
Q

What is an example of a passive response to hazard risk?

A

Fatalism

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14
Q

What are examples of active responses to hazard risk?

A
  • Prediction
  • Adaptation
  • Mitigation
  • Management
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15
Q

What is the difference between adaptation and mitigation?

A

Mitigation = strategies carried out to lessen the severity of a hazard.
Adaptation = Attempting to live with hazards by adjusting lifestyle choices so that vulnerability is lessened.

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16
Q

Example of an adaptation response to hazards

A

Earthquake proof houses

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17
Q

Example of a mitigation response to hazards:

A

Sandbags to offset impact of flooding

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18
Q

What is frequency also known as in terms of hazards?

A

Incidence

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19
Q

What are typically more severe, high incidence hazards or low incidence hazards?

A

Low incidence hazards

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20
Q

What are the problems with managing low incidence hazards?

A
  • Harder to predict
  • Less management strategies are put in place
  • More intense when they actually occur
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21
Q

What is intensity in terms of hazards?

A

The power of a hazard (how strong it is and how damaging its effects are).

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22
Q

What is magnitude in terms of hazards?

A

The size of a hazard

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23
Q

What is typically used to measure intensity of a hazard?

A

Magnitude

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24
Q

What is the difference between intensity and magnitude?

A

Magnitude is definable and numerical.
Intensity relates more to the effects on the person.

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25
Q

What is the Park Model?

A

A graphical representation of human responses to hazards, including stages of response and a time frame.

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26
Q

What does the steepness of the curve on a Park Model show?

A

How quickly an area deteriorates and recovers

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27
Q

What does the depth of the curve on a Park Model show?

A

The scale of the disaster (lower the curve = lower the quality of life)

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28
Q

What are the 3 states in which general quality of life can be in on the Park Model?
(i.e. on the y axis)

A
  • Improvement
  • Normality
  • Deterioration
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29
Q

What are the 3 stages of response on the Park Model?
(i.e. on the x axis)

A
  1. Relief
  2. Rehabilitation
  3. Reconstruction
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30
Q

Why is the Park Model useful?

A

Can be used to compare hazards with each other

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31
Q

What is stage 1 on the Park Model?
- How long is it?
- What typically occurs?

A

Relief
- Hours/days
- Immediate local response

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32
Q

What is stage 2 on the Park Model?
- How long is it?
- What typically occurs?

A

Rehabilitation
- Days/weeks
- Restoration of services, coordinated foreign aid, food and water distributed.

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33
Q

What is stage 3 on the Park Model?
- How long is it?
- What typically occurs?

A

Reconstruction
- Weeks/months/years
- Infrastructure rebuilt, mitigation efforts for future events.
- Restoration to normality (hopefully?)

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34
Q

What does the Hazard Management Cycle outline?

A

The stages of responding to events.

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35
Q

What are the 4 stages of response in the Hazard Management Cycle (in order)?

A

Event occurs:
1. Response
2. Recovery
3. Mitigation
4. Preparedness

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36
Q

What is the key problem with hazard models in general?

A

The unpredictability of some hazards makes the models less effective at accurately representing human responses to hazards.

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37
Q

How thick is the crust in kilometres?

A

0 to 100km

38
Q

What is the very top layer of the mantle known as?

A

Asthenosphere

39
Q

What lies above the mantle?

A

Crust/Lithosphere

40
Q

What 2 layers does the lithosphere consist of:

A
  • Crust
  • Upper layer of mantle
41
Q

What is the lithosphere broken up into?

A

Tectonic Plates

42
Q

What is the inner core made up of?

A

Iron/nickel
- Uranium

43
Q

What state is the inner core?

A

Solid

44
Q

What state is the outer core?

A

Semi-molten

45
Q

What is the outer core made up of?

A

Iron/nickel

46
Q

What is the mantle made up of?

A

Rocks high in silicon

47
Q

What state is the mantle?

A

Mainly solid rock

48
Q

What state is the asthenosphere?

A

Semi-molten

49
Q

What layer are convection currents located?

A

Mantle

50
Q

What are convection currents?
- What are they powered by?

A

Flows of heat
- Powered by heat from core

51
Q

What are the 2 types of crust?

A
  • Oceanic
  • Continental
52
Q

What crust layer is dense and easily destroyed by plate movement?

A

Oceanic crust

53
Q

What crust layer is less dense and not destroyed by plate movement?

A

Continental crust

54
Q

What causes tectonic plates to move?

A

Convection currents

55
Q

What are the edges of where plates meet known as?

A

Plate boundaries/margins

56
Q

How do convection currents form?

A

When less dense magma rises, cools, then sinks.

57
Q

What are the 3 types of plate boundaries?

A
  • Constructive
  • Destructive
  • Conservative
58
Q

What type of plate boundary can occur at a continental/continental margin?

A

Constructive
Destructive
Conservative

59
Q

What type of plate boundary can occur at an oceanic/oceanic margin?

A

Constructive
Destructive
Conservative

60
Q

What type of plate boundary can occur at a continental/oceanic margin?

A

Destructive
Conservative

61
Q

What is Paleomagnetism?

A

The study of rocks that show the magnetic fields of the Earth.

62
Q

What hazards/landforms develop at a constructive continental/continental plate boundary?

A
  • Rift valleys
  • Volcanoes
  • Earthquakes
63
Q

What hazards/landforms develop at a constructive oceanic/oceanic plate boundary?

A
  • Ocean ridges
  • Earthquakes
  • Volcanoes
64
Q

What hazard occurs at a conservative plate boundary?

A

Earthquakes

65
Q

What hazards/landforms develop at a destructive continental/continental plate boundary?

A
  • Fold mountains
  • Earthquakes
66
Q

What hazards/landforms develop at a destructive oceanic/oceanic plate boundary?

A
  • Ocean trenches
  • Island arcs
  • Earthquakes
  • Volcanoes
67
Q

What hazards/landforms develop at a destructive continental/oceanic plate boundary?

A
  • Volcanoes
  • Fold mountains
  • Earthquakes
68
Q

What plate boundaries do fold mountains develop?

A

Destructive:
- continental/continental
- continental/oceanic

69
Q

What plate boundaries do volcanoes develop?

A

Constructive:
- continental/continental
- oceanic/oceanic
Destructive:
- continental/oceanic
- oceanic/oceanic

70
Q

What plate boundary do rift valleys develop?

A

Constructive:
- continental/continental

71
Q

What plate boundary do ocean ridges develop?

A

Constructive:
- oceanic/oceanic

72
Q

What plate boundaries do ocean trenches develop?

A

Destructive
- oceanic/oceanic
- continental/oceanic

73
Q

What plate boundary do island arcs develop?

A

Destructive
- oceanic/oceanic

74
Q

What plate boundaries do earthquakes occur?

A

All of them

75
Q

What are hotspots?

A

Areas of volcanic activity that are not related to plate boundaries.

76
Q

What can form around hotspots?

A
  • Volcanoes
  • Islands (island chains)
77
Q

How do hotspots form?

A

Hot magma plumes from the mantle rise and burn through weaker parts of the crust, forming volcanoes and islands.

78
Q

Example of a hotspot:

A

Hawaii

79
Q

What are constructive plate boundaries also known as?

A

Divergent

80
Q

What are destructive plate boundaries also known as?

A

Divergent

81
Q

What plate boundary does slab pull and ridge push occur?

A

Constructive/convergent

82
Q

How do ocean trenches form?

A

Denser oceanic plate subducts below continental, leaving an ocean trench.

83
Q

How do fold mountains form?

A

Sediment is pushed upwards by subduction. Or, they can be formed from piles of continental crust.

84
Q

How do rift valleys form?

A

Land in the middle of a plate separation is forced apart.

85
Q

What theory does Paleomagnetism support?

A

Sea Floor Spreading

86
Q

What is a physical example of paleomagnetism on the ocean floor?

A

On either side of a constructive plate boundary, symmetrical bands of rock with alternating bands of magnetic polarity, due to the periodic switching of our poles.

87
Q

What are some examples of volcanic hazards?

A
  • Lava flows
  • Lahars (mudflows)
  • Jokulhlaups (glacial floods)
  • Tephra
  • Toxic gases
  • Acid rain
  • Pyroclastic flows
88
Q

What is tephra?

A

Any type of rock that is ejected by a volcano.

89
Q

How is acid rain caused by volcanoes?

A

When gases such as sulfur dioxide are released into the atmosphere.

90
Q

What is the average speed of pyroclastic flows?
- What speed can they reach?

A

60mph
- Can reach 430 mph

91
Q

What does VEI stand for?

A

Volcanic Explosivity Index

Geography (8 decks)

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