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geography 2022 > hazards > Flashcards

hazards Flashcards

1
Q

what are natural hazards

A

atmospheric, hydrological and geomorphic processes and events in our environment that have the potential to affect people adversely

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2
Q

what is a disaster

A

a disaster is a sudden catastrophic event that causes serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society causing widespread human, material, economic and/or environmental losses which exceed the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own Level of resources

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3
Q

how is a disaster entered into the database of the UN’s International strategy for disaster reduction.

A

a report of 10 or more people killed
a report of 100 people affected
a declaration of a state of emergency by the relevant government
a request by the national government for international assistance

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4
Q

what are some characteristics of hazards

A

a physical event such as a volcanic eruption that does not affect human beings is a natural phenomenon but not a natural hazard

a natural phenomenon that occurs in a populated area is a hazardous event

a hazardous event that causes unacceptable large numbers of fatalities and /or overwhelming property damage is a natural disaster

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5
Q

what is the spatial distribution?

A

the arrangement of geographical phenomena or activities across the earths surface

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6
Q

what is temporal distribution

A

the distrubution of geographical phenomena over time

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7
Q

what is magnitude

A

the strength of a hazard, or how large and important a natural hazard event is. Most hazards are measured on a scale

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8
Q

what is duration

A

the actual length of time that the hazard event occurs

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9
Q

what is frequency

A

refers to how often a hazard event occurs in a particular area/country

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10
Q

what is probability

A

the chance of an event or action occurring

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11
Q

what is proximity

A

the closeness or distance from the source or origin of the hazard

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12
Q

what is mitigation

A

the implementation of the strategies to eliminate or minimise the severity of a hazard or similarly adverse occurrence

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13
Q

what is the scale of spatial impact also known as

A

as the extent

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14
Q

what is geomorphic hazard

A

geomorphic hazards are caused by movement within the earths crust

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15
Q

what are atmospheric hazards

A

atmospheric hazards are those hazards that are created from atmospheric and/or weather processes.

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16
Q

what are hydrological hazards

A

hydrological hazards are driven by the hydrological processes in the water cycle.

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17
Q

what is a volcano

A

a volcano is a vent on the earths surface that allows magma to escape from the interior, causing an eruption of lava and gas into the atmosphere and surrounding environment

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18
Q

what are hot spots

A

these are hot areas inside the Earth where magma plumes continually rise to form a volcano

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19
Q

what are the three different types of volcanos

A

shield volcano- the magma is very hot and runny, eurptions are gentle and often

composite volcano- the magma is cooler and sticky, with explosive eruptions

caldera volcano- no build up of materials, vent unsupported and collapses

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20
Q

how is the magnitude of volcanic eruptions is measured

A

using a volcanic explosively index (VEI)

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21
Q

what are earthquakes

A

earthquakes are seismic waves of energy radiating from faults in all directions, resulting in violet shaking of the Earth’s oceanic and continental crust

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22
Q

what are landslides

A

a landslide is the movement of mass rock, soils and debris down a slope under the influence of gravity

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23
Q

how can landslides be categorized

A

as being geomorphic hazard, but its origins can also be hydrologic

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24
Q

what are tropical cyclones also known as

A

tropical cyclones also known as hurricanes or typhoons depending on the location of the event.

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25
describe how cyclones form
they are caused by a tropical disturbance, which enables the wind to evaporate water from the ocean, and the warm air to rise, causing an intense low-pressure system to build. surrounding air that exerts a higher pressure then fills the space, the low-pressure system continues to build and spin driven by the heat energy from the ocean
26
what temperatures do cyclones need to form
26.5
27
what natural hazard is most frequently
floods
28
what are floods
floods are defined as the invasion of water in a normally dry area of land. this can be caused by the overflow of inland or tidal water or runoff of surface waters generally due to heavy rainfall
29
what factors contribute to flooding area
intensity and duration of rainfall over the catchment area capacity of catchment weather conditions prior to rainfall event ground cover urbanisation soil type topography tidal influences
30
what are the two types ecological hazard
biological hazards human hazards
31
what is a epidemic
a sudden increase in the number of cases of a disease above that would normally be expected in that area
32
what is a pandemic
when a epidemic spreads over a different area for example several countries or continents
33
what are infectious diseases
a diseases that can be spread from one person to another either directly or indirectly
34
what are examples of infectious diseases
chicken pox, COVID-19, Ebola, influenza, measles and rubella
35
what are animal transmitted diseases
a sub category of infections diseases also known as vector borne diseases
36
what are examples of animals transmitted diseases
Anthrax, West Nile virus, zika virus, ebola and the plague
37
what are animal invasions
invasive animals are not native to a specific ecosystem and their introduction tends to cause harm to the environment, economy or human health.
38
what are examples of animal invasions
the cane toad in australia, feral cats, rabbits
39
what are waterborne diseases
waterborne diseases are a category of infections diseases that are caused by microorganisms contaminating the water
40
what are examples of waterborne diseases?
diarrhea, dysentery, and typhoid fever
41
what is an examples of chemical hazards
deepwater horizon oil spin 2010
42
MDCs usually...
reduce risks associated with hazards reduce vulnerability and lower the impact have well-built structures, strict land-use planning, disaster planning, and management have the capacity to carry out rescue and reconstruction
43
LDCs often have a .....
higher population density larger proportion of children lack of regulation and enforcement of rules on building codes, construction and land use planning lack of capacity to recover lack of financial resources for large scale rescue and reconstruction tasks rural/farming based economies reliant on sustained farming
44
what does LDCs stand for
less developed countries
45
what does MDCs stand for
more developed countries
46
what is a hazard risk management
it is the identification of the probability of a hazard and the vulnerability of the population that may be affected
47
risk management can generally be broken into three phases
pre disaster planning- mitigation, prevention, preparedness, prediction during the disaster- response post disaster- recovery, relief, rescue and rehabilitation
48
what is vulnerability
vulnerability assesses the risk level and refers to how a hazard event will affect human life and property
49
what are some factors that influence vulnerability
wealth or level of affluence education awareness of what protection can be taken against a hazard levels of the organisation, including local and national government technical ability to design and construct preventative measures or predict impacts health and age of the population availability and readiness of the emergency infrasture the development of early warning signs
50
what are the four factors of the hazard risk management
mitigation preparation response recovery
51
describe mitigation in terms of the hazard risk management
it refers to the actions that are taken to minimise or eliminate the risk from a hazard
52
describe preparedness in terms of the hazard risk management
during this stage of the management plan, the emphasis is on prevention and preparedness.
53
describe the response in terms of the hazard risk management
the response stage of the management plan is directed to the immediate needs of the population affected by the hazard event and is the emergency response phase
54
describe recovery in terms of the hazard risk management
recovery is considered the long term response to a hazard event and is measured by the success of the physical and socioeconomic
55
what are the two types of hazards
natural hazards- geomorphic, atmospheric hazard, hydrological hazard ecological hazard- biological, chemical
56
what is a drought
drought is a rainfall deficiency, substantially below the average experienced in a location over an extended period
57
what is a bushfire
a bushfire is when the uncontrolled burning of grass, bush, forest or woodland occurs and threatens property, life and the environment.
58
what is preparedness
Preparedness refers to the degree to which a household, community, nation, or other organization is prepared for a crisis.
59
what is temporal
over time
60
what is a natural feature
components and processes present in or produced by nature including, but not limited to soil, vegetation, drainage patterns, climate, food plains, aquatic life, wildlife
61
what is a cultural feature
a man-made feature (as a town, road, bridge, or house) of a region
62
what is spatial
over a amount of space
63
what is scale
the concept of scales is used to analyse a phenomena and look for explanations at different spatial levels, from the personal to the local, regional, national and global.
64
what is generic
characteristic of or relating to a class or group of things; not specific.
65
what is a ecological hazard
it is a biological or chemical hazard that has the potential to impact adversely on the wellbeing of people or on the environment more generally.
66
what is a biological hazard
biological hazards are driven by biological processes and are associated with life forms. such as infectious diseases, animal transmitted diseases, waterborne diseases, plate invasions, animal invasion
67
what are chemical hazards?
chemical hazards or incidents are caused by toxic substances being uncontrollably released, which can then cause potential harm to people and the environment
68
what are human hazards
human hazards are associated with human activities and our interaction with the environment
69
what is an example of a volcano eruption
mount pinatubo 1991
70
what is an example of a earthquake
tohoku Japan earthquake 2011
71
what is an example of a landslide
the Vargas tragedy 1999
72
what is an example of a cyclone
cyclone Yasi, Queensland 2011
73
what is an example of a drought
australia 2017-2020
74
what is an example of a bushfire
black Saturday bushfires, Victoria 2009
75
what is an example of a flood
Brisbane and Queensland floods 2010-2011
76
what is an example of a infections disease
HIV/AIDS in east and southern African Region
77
what is an example of a animal transmitted diseases
rabies in australia
78
what is an example of a animal and plate invasive specie
cane toad water lettuce
79
what is an example of waterborne diseases
the Yemen cholera crisis 2016 and onwards
80
what is spatial technology
spatial technology is any technology that allows the collection, management and analysis of spatial information.
81
what is a hazard
a hazard is a potential source of harm to a person, community, property or infrastructure

geography 2022 (8 decks)

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