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geography 2022 > globalisation > Flashcards

globalisation Flashcards

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1
Q

what is sustainability

A

meeting the needs of current and future generations through simultaneous environmental, social and economic adaption and improvement

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2
Q

what are three examples of how globalisation is occurring at the present time

A

netflix
news
social media

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3
Q

identify factors that have enabled globalisation to occur

A

improvements in transport and telecommunications technologies

strengthened relationship between countries

the rise in multinational corporations operating on a large scale in the global marketplace

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4
Q

what is globalisation

A

the increased interconnectedness and interdependence of people and countries resulting from the expanding integration of trade, finance, people, and ideas in one global marketplace.

advancements in technology, communication, science, transport, and industry have accelerated the pace of this integration over the past few decades

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5
Q

what is diffusion

A

the transfer or dispersal of cultural elements from one group of people to other groups of people

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6
Q

what is adaptation

A

is the alteration or adjustment in response to a changed environment

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7
Q

what is the friction of distance

A

based on the notion that distance, usually requires some amount of effort, energy time, and/or other resources to overcome.

due to the ‘friction’, spatial interactions will tend to take place more often over shorter distances; the amount and intensity of interaction will decay with distance

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8
Q

what is centralisation

A

the concentration of an activity in fewer locations, and often in larger settlements

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9
Q

comparative advantage

A

the ability of an individual, group, or country to carry out a particular economic activity (such as making a specific product) more efficiently than another activity

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10
Q

what is the time space convergence

A

a lessening of the distance between two points when this distance is measured in terms of time.

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11
Q

relatively globalised citizens

A 
the very rich
the healthy qualified 
the healthy 
the young 
those with global linguistic competence
those without strong responsibilities 
those from liberal democracies 
those with extensive network
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12
Q

relatively localised citizens

A 
the very poor 
the unqualified/illiterate 
the sick and disabled 
the old
those speaking only minority languages 
those tied to family/country 
those from totalitarian states 
those with only local networks
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13
Q

what is world cities

A

world cities are cities that dominate in terms of economic and cultural matters.

world cities are usually the centres of multinational corporations which are located in world cities due to the location of the stock exchange and major banks.

multinational corporations require large amounts of capital hence the requirement to locate near financial institutions

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14
Q

what do world cities tend to have

A

these world cities tend to have the best medical facilities, universities, top-end fashion shops, and high median house prices.

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15
Q

what are three world cities that are important and why

A

three world cities that dominate the financial world are London, New York, and Tokyo due to the time zones where they are located, a major stock exchange is operational at any time during the day.

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16
Q

describe what the core and periphery

A

historically the development of colonialization led to the exploitation of colonies. Raw materials were taken from the colonial masters. these countries in Europe because the core countries and the colonies became the periphery

whilst the process of decolonisation occurred during the post-war period this core-periphery modal still exists today with major cities located in Europe, Japan and the USA. therefore many “colonial” countries are still exploited although some have become semi-core.

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17
Q

what city is the most polluted

A

new delhi

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18
Q

what killed the most amount of people in 2019

A

air pollution

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19
Q

how much longer is it expected that a child from a middle class family could expect to live over a child from a. polluted area

A

5 extra years

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20
Q

what effect does air pollution have on the body

A

causing burning eyes, headaches, brain and liver damage, and it increases the risk of blood clots which can lead to cancer

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20
Q

what is the Indian government think about the pollution

A

many officials see it as a price to be paid to ensure rapid economic growth to lift people over of poverty

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21
Q

world city examples

A

New York City.
London.
Paris.
Tokyo.

22
Q

what is a multinational corporation

A

a corporation that owns or controls the production of goods and/or services in more than one country

23
Q

describe what a shrinking world is

A

The term shrinking world, or often referred to as time space compression, suggests that this rapid rate of globalisation has made the world feel smaller, that we are more connected to people on the other side of the world than ever before.

24
Q

what is accessibility

A

the extent to which a location, good, service or information is available to as many people as possible

25
Q

how can accessibility be measured

A

a distance between two points measured in kilometres is not an adequate indication of the accessibility of one point from the other

instead, travel time and cost will therefore always be important measures of accessibility

26
Q

what is glocalisation

A

the modification of global products and ideas to suit local conditions

27
Q

what is mass consumption good

A

when products are brought for consumption by large quantities

28
Q

where does the word glocalisation come from

A

it is a combination of the words globalisation and localised used to describe a product or service that is developed and distributed but is also fashioned to accommodate the user or consume in a local market

29
Q

what is an example of glocalisation

A

MacDonalds have restaurants in every country but their menu changes in each country due to different countries requiring different things.

YouTube is another example of glocalisation. You can get the service in every country, but the content and experience will change depending on where you are located.

30
Q

what are some negatives of globalisation

A

people working for lower wages in unsafe conditions.

large amounts of pollution created by the places where goods are produced.

more developed countries can outsource their carbon emissions to less developed countries.

31
Q

how much has air fares dropped

A

60% in real terms (in comparison to peoples incomes) over the last 40 years

32
Q

what is containerisation

A

transporting of cargo in containers (that can be interchanged between ships, trains, and trucks) with standardised handling equipment and without rehandling the contents

33
Q

how has the cost of moving information from place to place been massively reduced

A

physical networks of communication by cables and wires have been complemented, if not replaced, by radio, satellites and the internet.

34
Q

which American geographer noted that transport innovations will lead to time space convergence

A

Donald Janelle

35
Q

what are some examples of technological changes to try and decrease the time space convergence

A

development of pipelines

massive ships

refrigerated trucks

being able to transport lown value and/or perishable commodities over long distances

36
Q

describe time space convergence from a consumer perspective

A

Customers can be supplied with what they need from businesses with a comparative advantage but may be located further away, even though their competitors may be closer to the market.

previously the increase in transport costs removed the advantages that certain locations possessed in production costs and/or quality over completing places

however, this challenge has been diminishing with the time-space convergence

37
Q

what is the current phase of telecommunication

A

the internet reduces some aspects of time-space convergence to almost zero.

38
Q

describe how amazon are decreasing time space convergence

A

they don’t necessarily require any local or national fulfilment centres

they can dispatch physical products by mail

and virtual items like e-books electronically to customers anywhere on the planet

39
Q

what was the Silk Road

A

it was a network of trade routes that connected people across china, the middle east and Europe from 130 BCE until 1453 CE

40
Q

what was traded alone the Silk Road

A

fruit, vegetables, leather, artwork, metals, livestock, language culture, religious beliefs, science, paper, gunpowder, philosophical

41
Q

why where the Europeans able to control so much of the world during the colonial era

A

the European’s possession and development of technologies and skills, especially regarding navigation and warfare, which was unknown to most parts of the world

42
Q

what is interconnections

A

the concept of interconnection emphasises that no object of geographical study can be viewed in isolation

43
Q

what are global citizens

A

people who see themselves as having an identity and/or who have networks and interconnections which extend beyond the boundaries of the country they live in

44
Q

describe the Netflix effect

A

it has been coined to explain the phenomenon of a series lifting an unknown actor to immediate fame or when a show is binged by millions of viewers and becomes an overnight success

45
Q

how much has Netflix caused cable tv to decrease by

A

33%

46
Q

how do you identify and rank world cities

A

by counting how many multinational corporations any city has.

however, this is not the only distinctive characteristic of a world city.

47
Q

how much global emission is the fashion industry responsible for

A

5%

48
Q

how many of the most polluted cities is India home to

A

11 out of 12

49
Q

how much is income inequality in India now

A

the top one per cent in india earned 21 per cent of income in the country pre covid up from 11 percent in 1990.

50
Q

how many jobs were costed due to AI in India

A

3.2 million

51
Q

how much did Indias economy grow at in-between 2000-2018

A

at an average rate of 6.5 percent

52
Q

what has the OECD projected

A

that indias economy will expand by 9.9 per cent in 2021, making it the fastest growing G20 economy, despite a 7.7 per cent contraction in 2020 due to covid 19

52
Q

how much and why has female labour participation decline

A

14% in the last two decades

due in part to changes to agricultural practices, which were typically a high employer of women, in addition to the economic impacts of the pandemic

geography 2022 (8 decks)

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