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Biology > Harnessing Biology > Flashcards

Harnessing Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

What 5 steps are taken to select a particular feature in an organism?

A

1) Choose the individuals with the desired feature
2) Let only them reproduce
3) choose offsprings with that desired feature
4) Let those individuals reproduce
5) Repeat until a variety is produced with desired characteristic

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2
Q

Give examples of selective breeding in cows

A
  • Most milk
  • Produce more meat
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3
Q

Why do farmers use greenhouses to grow crops?

A
  • Artificial heating
  • Artificial lighting
  • Additional carbon dioxide in the air
  • Regular watering
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4
Q

What does the transparent material in greenhouses allow for?

A

Natural light which allows the effect of a ‘longer day’

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5
Q

What does burning fossil fuels do in greenhouses?

A
  • Raises internal temperature, when external temperature is too low
  • Produces carbon dioxide and water vapour
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6
Q

Why is water vapour needed in a greenhouse?

A
  • Maintains a moist atmosphere
  • Reduces water lost by transpiration
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7
Q

Organic fertilisers?

A

Made from faeces, straw and legumes such as clover

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8
Q

Inorganic fertiliser?

A

Compound formulated to yield a specific concentration of a particular ion

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9
Q

Disadvantages of organic fertilisers?

A
  • Slow acting
  • Bulkier
  • May contain pests
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10
Q

Advantages of organic fertilisers?

A
  • Improves soil structure
  • Greater range of minerals
  • Less cost to farmer
  • Releases minerals over a longer period of time
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11
Q

Disadvantages of inorganic fertilisers?

A
  • Can lead to eutrophication as fertiliser is insoluble
  • Requires regular reapplication
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12
Q

Advantages of inorganic fertilisers?

A
  • Fast acting
  • Contents known
  • Easy to apply
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13
Q

How are pests controlled?

A
  • Pesticides
  • Biological control
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14
Q

What do herbicides kill?

A

Plant pests

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15
Q

What do insecticides kill?

A

Insects

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16
Q

What do fungicides kill?

A

Fungi

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17
Q

What do molluscicides kill?

A

Molluscs (snails, slugs)

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18
Q

What controls whiteflies in a greenhouse?

A

A tiny parasitic wasp, encarsia

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19
Q

What is a feature of a biological pest?

A

NEVER eradicates the pest, only REDUCES to a level of no economic damage

20
Q

Advantages of biological control?

A
  • Only one cost for inital intro
  • Pest specific
  • Pests will not become resistant
  • No effect on other animals
21
Q

Disadvantages for biological control?

A
  • Takes time to reduce pest population
  • Not all population can be killed
  • Expensive if re-populating is required
22
Q

Advantages of pesticides?

A
  • Reduces pest population instantly
  • Can kill whole population of pests
23
Q

Disadvantages of pesticides?

A
  • Cost
  • Not specific, will kill other animals
  • Pests can become resistant
24
Q

What is the anaerobic respiration equation in bread making?

A

Glucose —> Ethanol + Carbon Dioxide

25
Q

Why are bubbles useful in bread making?

A

Carbon dioxide bubbles expand the dough, helping the rise

26
Q

Why is high temperatures used in bread making?

A

So ethanol can evaporate out

27
Q

What does the cooling jacket do in an industrial fermenter?

A

Removes heat energy, stopping fermenter overheating, and enzymes denaturing

28
Q

What does the air filter do in an industrial fermenter?

A

Filters air coming in, maintaining sterile conditions

29
Q

What do the stirred do in an industrial fermenter?

A

Keeps broth well stirred to oxygenate all the parts of the fermenter and prevents micro-organisms settling

30
Q

What does the growth medium do in an industrial fermenter?

A

Contains all the necessary glucose, and amino acids for micro-organism growth

31
Q

What does the super-heated steam do in an industrial fermenter?

A

Applied before fermenter is used, killing unwanted micro-organisms. Leaves water with no other residue

32
Q

What bacteria is used in yogurt production?

A

Lactobacillus Bulgaricus

33
Q

Why is milk pasteurised in yogurt making?

A

To kill bacteria

34
Q

What temperature is the yogurt tainted at in the making process?

A

46°C

35
Q

What does lactobacillus anaerobically respire to produce?

A

Lactic acid

36
Q

What does the lactic acid do in yogurt making?

A
  • Lowers pH, acing as a preservative
  • Coagulates the milk proteins
  • Gives texture and flavour
37
Q

What are common species used for fish farming?

A

Salmon, and trout

38
Q

What are the issues with putting several species in one pond in fish farming?

A
  • Interspecific competition, species will compete for food and extinction
  • Predation, carnivorous species will pray on other fish
39
Q

What are the issues with putting too many fish in on e pond?

A
  • Intraspecific competition, Larger fish will compete with smaller
  • Infectious disease, Parasites and pathogens spread quicker
40
Q

How does fish farming effect the environment?

A

Excess feed and waste cause eutrophication and a reduction in oxygen concentrations in water

41
Q

What are the effects of deforestation?

A
  • Leeching
  • Soil erosion
  • Evapotranspiration
42
Q

What is leeching in deforestation?

A

Water is no longer taken up by plants, and can begin to ‘run off’ from the soil into rivers and lakes

43
Q

What is soil erosion in deforestation?

A

Water run off may carry some of the top soil, causing water erosion. No plants in soil due to deforestation, therefore no roots holding soil in place

44
Q

Why is top soil important?

A

Contains the most fertile, mineral ion rich materials

45
Q

What is evapotranspiration in deforestation?

A

Process which water is transferred fro the land to the atmosphere by evaporation from the soil and other surfaces and by transpiration from plants, leading to droughts

Biology (23 decks)

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