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My COMPTIA A+ Core 1 > Hardware > Flashcards

Hardware Flashcards

1
Q

RAID 10

A

What to look out for
- Fastest speed, best reliability, highest redundancy (mirroring)
- more expensive
- disc mirroring and disc stripping to protect data stored
- Minimum of four discs
- Disaster Tolerant

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2
Q

RAID 5

A

What to look out for
- block-level striping with distributed parity
- Redundancy (mirroring)
- Minimum of 3 discs
- One disk can be lost without losing any data
- Data protection
- Failure Resistant
- Fault Tolerant

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3
Q

RAID 1

A

What to look out for
- Full Redundancy (mirroring)
- Failure Resistant
- Fault Tolerant
- Minimum 2 disks
- Data protection

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4
Q

RAID 0

A

What to look out for
- Disk Striping (Speed/ performance)
- uses 100% disk space
- minimum 2 disks
- No Parity or redundancy (mirroring)

(disk striping) is the process of dividing a body of data into blocks an

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5
Q

F-Type

A

What to look out for
- F type is the connector used with coaxial cables. Both RG-6 and RG-59 are cable types used for coaxial cable connections.
- RG-6 cabling is recommended for your Cable TV, satellite, TV antennas, or broadband internet.
- RG-59 cabling is generally better for most CCTV systems and other analog video signals.

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6
Q

RJ-45 connector

A

What to look out for
- RJ-45 is an 8-pin/8-position plug or jack commonly used to connect computers onto Ethernet-based local area networks (LAN) and consists of two wiring schemes: T568A and T568B.
- Used to terminate copper twisted-pair Ethernet cable
- Also used to terminate a CAT 5e network cable

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7
Q

DB-9 connector

A

What to look out for
- Used to terminate a RS-232 serial cable

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8
Q

Fiber Optic Cable

A

What to look out for
- Uses ST, SC, LC, or MTRJ as connectors
-

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9
Q

RJ-11 connector

A

What to look out for?
used to terminate cables used for phone lines

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10
Q

Molex connector

A

What to look out for
- used to provide power to internal components of a computer from the power supply

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11
Q

Micro USB

A

What to look out for
- most often used to connect to an older smartphone (Android)
- Micro USB connectors have three forms: micro A, micro B, and micro USB 3.
- miniaturized version of the Universal Serial Bus (USB) interface
- developed for connecting compact and mobile devices such as smartphones, MP3 players, GPS devices, photo printers, and digital cameras.

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12
Q

Mini USB

A

What to look out for
- introduced with USB 2.0 and was used with digital cameras and early tablets.
- not commonly used in modern devices
- Looks like a hat
-

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13
Q

USB Type C (USB-C)

A

What to look out for
- the default standard used in USB 3.1 with a 24-pin connector
- The connector is reversible and can be inserted in either direction

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14
Q

USB Type B

A

What to look out for
- large form factor USB connector usually reserved for connecting to older printers and scanners

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15
Q

5,400 rpm hard disk drive

A

What to look out for
- For low-end office desktops

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16
Q

15,000 rpm hard disk drive

A

What to look out for
- high-performance gaming computer

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17
Q

gigabit NIC

A
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18
Q

Cat 5e

A

What to look out for
- Connected with 110 punchdown block
- can only operate up to 100 meters at 1 Gbps

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19
Q

110 punchdown block

A

What to look out for
- a type of punch block used to terminate runs of on-premises wiring in a structured cabling system.
- The designation 110 is also used to describe a type of insulation displacement contact (IDC) connector used to terminate twisted pair cables when using a punch-down tool similar to the older 66 punch down block.
- A 110 punchdown block provides more spacing between the terminals and is designed for Cat 5 networks to eliminate crosstalk between the cables.

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20
Q

Dual-channel memory

A

What to look out for
- a memory controller with two primary pathways through the bus to the CPU to transfer 128-bits of data in each transaction.

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21
Q

Single-channel memory

A

What to look out for
- is any memory using one 64-bit bus between the CPU and the RAM

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22
Q

Triple-channel memory

A

What to look out for
- is any memory using three 64-bit buses between the CPU and the RAM

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23
Q

Quad-channel memory

A

What to look out for
- is any memory using four 64-bit buses between the CPU and the RAM

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24
Q

PCIe (peripheral component interconnect express)

A

What to look out for
- Connects to the bus to get data to and from the motherboard for external devices
- is an interface standard for connecting high-speed components
- Every desktop PC motherboard has some PCIe slots you can use to add GPUs (video cards or graphics cards), RAID cards, network adapters, Wi-Fi cards, or SSD (solid-state drive) add-on cards.
- The types of PCIe slots available in your PC will depend on your motherboard and are designated as PCIe x1, x4, x8, and x16

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25
Mini PCIe
- Standard PCIe card with smaller form factor - Used inside of laptops, specifically for wireless networking
26
PCIe
What to look out for - used for external input/output devices such as network interface cards - bus speed determined by MB. can only support upt to maximum lanes. ex: if 24 lanes but you have two 16 slots it will slow to 24 and not be 32 Two types - PCIe x1 is used for modems, network cards, wireless cards, input/output devices, and audio cards - about as long as your thumbnail - PCIe x16 - Closest to the CPU - 6 to 8 inch - Used for graphics cards gaming systems - Provides more power & better performance
27
What are the two types pf page description languages?
1. Printer Control Language 2. PostScript
28
printer control language (PCL)
What to look out for - PCL produces faster outputs that are of lower quality than PostScript - used to tell printers how to properly layout and print the contents of a document on a page. - PCL is faster to print than PS. - PCL is a common printing language that is supported by many different printer manufacturers
29
PostScript
What to look out for - is a page description language used in the electronic publishing and desktop publishing business. - PS is slower but produces higher quality outputs.
30
The Internet Printing Protocol (IPP)
What to look out for - is a specialized Internet protocol for communication between client devices and printers (or print servers) using the HTTP protocol for data transport.
31
The Line Printer Daemon (LPD) protocol
What to look out for - is a network printing protocol for submitting print jobs to a remote printer. LPD is an older protocol than IPP.
32
Laser Printer
What to look out for - Toner is used by a laser printer to transfer the image to a piece of paper
33
Inkjet Printer
What to look out for - uses ink
34
3-D printer to create its final design.
What to look out for - Filament is used to create its final design
35
Impact Printer
What to look out for - Uses a ribbon to tranfer image to a piece of paper
36
European 220v-240v power supply
What to look out for - In Europe, the nominal voltage of a power outlet is 220V - Device wont power on if plugged into 115v or lower voltage outlet ## Footnote It is always important to ensure the correct power supply input setting is used for your computer based on the location in which you are using it
37
USA 115v power supply
What to look out for - In the United States, the nominal voltage is 115V - If a computer/ device is set to 115V and plugged into a 220V outlet, the power supply could be destroyed or catch fire.
38
USB 1.0
What to look out for - Slowest speed out of USB - Maximum speed of 1.5 Mbps
39
USB 1.1
What to look out for - Known as "Full Speed" - 12 Mbps - A, B, Mini A, Mini B - Keyboards and mice
40
USB 2.0
- Known as "High Speed" - 480 Mbps - Same connector as 1.1 and backward compatible
41
Universal Serial Bus
- - Speed is reduced to the lowest USB type when connector the same device
42
USB 3.0
What to look out for - "Super Speed" or SS - 10 Gbps
43
USB 3.1
- Gen one 5 Gbps - Gen two 10 Gbps
44
USB 3.2 Gen 2x2
- 20 Gbps
45
USB 4
- Most modern version - USB 4 and USB 3.2 Gen 2x2 must have shorter cable for best performance. - longer the cable, more likely hood it would not work as efficiently or even at all - A, B, C, B MIni, and B Micro
46
HDMI (High Definition Multimedia Interface)
What to look out for - Most widely used video interface in the world - Can support up to 4k - HDMI version 2: higher speeds specified for data transfer - Type A: Full size - Type C: Mini connector - Type D: Micro connector - each type can have different performance types - Category 1: Standard video content - Category 2: High speed/ High resolution
47
Display Port Interface
- Standard that supports that transfer of video and audio - Standard connector is larger - Full-Size Display Port - Mini Display Port - DP can support high speed data transfer 2.7 Gbpsup to 20 Gbps - Versions - 1.1 - 1.2: Multistream transport - 1.3: Ultra HD - 1.4: Discontinued
48
VGA (Video Graphics Array)
What to look out for - 15 pin standard analog video interface port that connects to computer
49
DVI (Digital Visual Interface)
- Used to support analog and digital outputs - DVI-A: Analog signals (One data lane) - DVI-D: Digital signals (Single link (one lane) and Dual Link (Double bandwidth) - DVI-I (best choice): Supports both analog and digital signals (Single and dual link) - Max resolution with adaptor - Max resolution standard 2k
50
Thunderbolt
- V1 and V2 use different display port (Backwards compatible) - V3 and V4 use USC-C connector - V3 cant go into usb-C V4 can go into USB-C
51
SATA Cable
What to look out for - The standard cables that are the main method of connecting a storage device to a motherboard - One device per cable ▪ SATA Data cable seven-pin data - SATA Power cable 15-pin SATA power connector to provide the power to the device ▪ SATA version 1: up to 1.5 Gbps - SATA version 2: up to 3 Gbps - SATA version 3: up to 6 Gbps - limited to the HDD speed 7200 rpm cant spin fast enough to use 6 Gbps
52
eSATA
- External SATA cable
53
IDE (Intergrated Drive Eletronic interface)
- Renamed from PATA - Grey flat ribbon cable - 40 pins - can support up to two devices and they both can communicate at the same time - connects to Motherboard
54
Molex Power Connector
- 4 Pin - Attaches from power supply directly into a device - Internal HDD or CD-ROM
55
SCSI (Small Computer Systems Interface)
- "Scuzzy" -Legacy parallel bus connector that allows multiple devices to be daisy chained together Narrow supports up to 7 devices - Wide SCSI can support 15 devices - When connecting SCSI to a device you need... - High density cable to carry data (68 pins) - SCA (Single Connector attachment) which is 80 pins
56
4 basic functions of a computer
1. Input: Accepting data (Mouse, Keyboard) 2. Output: Processing data (Monitor) 3. Processing: Perfomed by the CPU when receiving data (Also by GPU) 4. Storage: Saving/ retaining digital data
57
Temporary storage
- Non-persistent, volatile, non-permanent (fast) - Lost when powered off - Cache or RAM (System Memory) - GHz
58
Permanent Storage
- Persistent, permanent, non-volatile (Slow speed) - Data retained when powered off - HDD, Thumb drives (USB drive) - Can be deleted or overwritten - MHz
59
Motherboard form factors
- ATX (Advanced Technology Extended): Full size (12" x 9.6") - 20-pin connector - Mini ATX (11.2" x 8.2" - Smaller than ATX & has same features - Micro ATX (mATX) 9.6" sq - same as ATX but only 4 expansion slots - ITX (Information Technology eXtended) - Mini ITX 6.7" x 6.7" - Only one expansion slot
60
CPU
- The brains of the computer that execute the different programming codes in the software and firmware
61
CPU Form Factors
X86 - 8,16, and 32 bit - Support maximum of 4 GB of ● 32-bit processor ● 32-bit operating system can only access 4GB of RAMRAM X64 - An extension of the X86 instruction set to be able to support 64-bit operations - 64 and 32 bit (Most computers are 64 bit - 32-bit systems can only run 32-bit programs, but 64-bit processors can run 64-bit programs and 32-bit programs because they are fully backwards compatible - can access more than 4 GB of RAM (8, 16, 32, or 64 GB)
62
Advanced RISC Machine (ARM)
▪ Used for low-power devices (tablets and cell phones) ● Extended battery life ● Produces less heat ▪ RISC systems use code to do tasks
63
Pin Grid Array (PGA)
- The processor has the pins and the socket have holes which allows the holes to align when installing the processor - AMD - AMD2, AMD3, & AMD4
64
LGA (Line Grid Array) Socket
- A form factor that positions all the pins to be able to connect the CPU processor into the socket - Intel
65
Single Socket
- One CPU
66
Multi-Socket
Multiple CPU's or processors installed on a motherboard ▪ You cannot upgrade or change out the processor on a mobile device ▪ The two main types of CPU sockets are LGA, which is made by Intel, and we have PGA, which has made by AMD
67
Symmetric Multiprocessing (SMP)
- Multiple processors - Workstations and servers
68
Simultaneous Multithreading (SMT) / Hyper-threading
- Single stream of instructions is being sent by a software application to a processor
69
Multi-core Processors
▪ Single CPU with multiple processors inside ▪ Multiple processors have multiple cores inside the CPU
70
Dual-core Processor
▪ Two CPUs inside a single chip
71
Quad-core Processor
▪ Four CPUs inside a single chip
72
Hexa-core Processor
▪ Six CPUs inside a single chip
73
Octa-core Processor
Eight CPUs inside a single chip - Hyper-threading / SMT - Symmetric Multiprocessing - Multi-core Processors - Virtualization
74
Second Level Address Translation (SLAT)
Features of software virtualization are underlying and supported by the hardware processor - Improves the performance of virtual memory when running multiple virtual machines on a single physical host
75
Installing the Motherboard & CPU
1. Review the motherboard’s documentation 2. Place the motherboard aligned at the rear of the case 3. Insert standoffs that match the hole in the motherboard 4. Install the processor and memory modules before installing the motherboard 5. Verify the standoffs are properly aligned prior to installing the motherboard 6. Secure the standoffs using the appropriate screw type 7. Install the power supply, disk drives, and add-on cards
76
Virtualization
- Host computer installed with a hypervisor that can be used to install and manage multiple guest operating systems or virtual machines (VMs) - New “physical” machine - can only run if motherboard supports it Type I Hypervisor (Bare Metal) - Runs directly on the host hardware and functions as the operating system Type II Hypervisor (Hosted) - Runs within the normal operating system - Example of one VMWare or Virtual Box
77
Video Card/Graphic Adapter
Gives quality signal for monitors
78
Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) card
A specialized processor designed to accelerate graphics rendering
79
High Speed Memory card
Embeds the memory to give additional capability to offload from the system
80
Graphical Ports
Installed outside of the card (Thunderbolt, DisplayPort, and HDMI)
81
Video Capture Card
- Takes video signals and processes them inside the computer ▪ used for recording footage and for security devices
82
TV Capture Card
Cables are plugged into a computer to get all cable TV channels
83
Sound/Audio Card
Gives better output through audio
84
Riser Card
Special type of expansion card on a motherboard
85
AGP
- Accelerated graphics port
86
Thermal Load
▪ Heat from different components inside the computer
87
Passive Cooling
Type of cooling that doesn’t rely on moving parts or power
88
Heat Sink
Finned metal device that radiates heat away from the processor
89
Thermal Paste
-Compound that ensures heat transfer by eliminating air gaps ● Passive cooling requires no power to operate and is silent when operating
90
Active Cooling
Uses a fan to cool down the heat from the device
91
Y Connector
One connector that can support multiple devices
91
Amperage to Wattage
A x V
91
Dual Data Rate (DDR)
- Most common type of memory
92
Dynamic RAM (DRAM)
- Oldest type of memory that requires frequent refreshing ● DRAM storage cell is dynamic
93
Synchronous DRAM (SDRAM)
▪ First memory module that operates at the same speed as the motherboard bus (168-pin connector) ● PC66 (66 MHz bus) ● PC133 (133 MHz bus) ● PC266 (266 MHz bus)
94
Double Data Rate 2 Synchronous Dynamic Random-Access Memory (DDR2 SDRAM)
Higher latency and has faster access to the external bus (240-pin connector) ● PC2-4200 o 4200 MB/s or 4.2 GB/s
95
Double Data Rate 3 Synchronous Dynamic Random-Access Memory (DDR3 SDRAM)
Double Data Rate 3 Synchronous Dynamic Random-Access Memory (DDR3 SDRAM) ▪ Runs at a lower voltage and at a higher speed than DDR2 (240 keyed pin connector) ● PC3-10600 o 10600 MB/s or 10.6 GB/s ▪ DDR3 throughput is 6.4 to 17 GB/s with a maximum module size of 8GB per memory module
96
Small Outline Dual In-line Memory Module (SODIMM)
- Classified as DDR3, DDR4, or DDR5 - DDR5 - Has an internal error checking for its modules - DDR5 modules can still be sold as ECC or non-ECC modules
97
ECC (Error Correcting Code
- Detects and corrects an error
98
Non-Parity Memory
Standard memory that does not check for errors and allows data to be put in or taken out
99
Parity Memory
▪ Performs basic error checking and ensures the memory contents are reliable ● A parity check does basic calculation o Every bit has an associated parity bit ▪ Bits can only be a zero or one
100
Hard Disk Drive (HDD)
Form of mass storage device
101
Mass Storage Device
Non-volatile storage device that holds the data when the system is powered down (GB or TB)
102
NVMe (Non-Volatile Memory Express)
A communication protocol used with the M2 form factor to plug directly into the motherboard
103
Advanced Host Controller Interface (AHCI)
Technical standard developed by Intel that allows hot-swappable capability with SATA devices
104
Virtual Desktop Infrastructure (VDI)
Hosts desktop OSs within a virtualized environment hosted by a centralized server or server farm
105
Emulation
System imitation
106
VM Escape
Threat attempts to get out of an isolated VM and send commands to the underlying hypervisor - VM to hypervisor or host OS - To avoid... - Up to date ▪ Patched ▪ Securely configured ▪ VM escape is easier to perform on a Type II hypervisor than a Type I hypervisor ● Patched ● Up to date
107
VM Hopping
- Threat attempts to move from one VM to another on the same host - VM to VM
108
Sandbox
Separates running processes and programs to mitigate system failures or software vulnerabilities
109
VM Sprawl
Uncontrolled deployment of virtual machines
110
Hot-Swappable
Capable of being removed or replaced without disruption or powering off the device
111
Port Replicator
▪ Uses the exact same features as a laptop ▪ Port replicator makes life easier by providing easier access to all the ports
112
Docking Station
Advanced type of port replicator that provides all the capabilities and features of a laptop
113
Open-Source
▪ The software and the original source code are available to download, modify, and redistribute ▪ Android OS has a lower cost of services by using an open-source platform as a code base
114
Closed-Source Software
Proprietary software that is licensed under the exclusive legal rights of the copyright holder
115
Synchronization to the Cloud
▪ Provides the access to the cloud from all devices and becomes the central repository of all data ▪ Encrypted data that is stored in the cloud is relatively safe ▪ Synchronization to the cloud requires a large amount of data
116
Synchronization to the Computer
▪ Synchronizes directly to the desktop or laptop using a USB or Bluetooth connection ▪ Install the iTunes app on the Windows PC to transfer the data from the iPhone
117
GUID Partition Table (GPT)
▪ Specialized boot scheme with modern advantages ▪ Inability to find a bootable device indicates a problem with MBR or GPT ● Bootable device not found ● Operating system not found ● Invalid drive specification ▪ The UEFI and BIOS set prioritized boot order based on their configurations

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