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A-level chemistry > Halogenoalkanes > Flashcards

Halogenoalkanes Flashcards

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1
Q

define primary halogenoalkane

A

the carbon atom which carries the halogen atom is only attached to one other alkyl group

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2
Q

define secondary halogenoalkane

A

the carbon atom which carries the halogen atom is attached directly to two alkyl groups

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3
Q

define tertiary halogenoalkane

A

the carbon atom which carried the halogen atom is attached directly to three alkyl groups

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4
Q

define nucleophile

A

species with a lone pair of electrons - can donate this pair of electrons

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5
Q

name the nucleophilic substitution reactions

A

reactions with
- hydroxide
- water
- cyanide
- ammonia

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6
Q

conditions for halogenoalkanes reacting with hydroxide ions and what is produced

A
  • react with warm potassium hydroxide under reflux
  • to produce alcohols
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7
Q

in reaction with KOH what acts as a nucleophile

A

the OH- ion

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8
Q

general equation for reaction of halogenoalkane + potassium hydroxide

A

R-X + KOH –> ROH + KX

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9
Q

FLASHCARD (mechanism for reaction of bromoethane with hydroxide ions)

A
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10
Q

general equation for halogenoalkane + water

A

R-X + H2O –> R-OH + H+ + X-

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11
Q

what acts as a nucleophile in the reaction with water

A

water

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12
Q

conditions for reaction with cyanide ions

A
  • warm, under reflux
  • KCN in ethanol (ethanolic solvent)
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13
Q

why are the CN ions in an ethanolic solvent

A
  • if in water, substitution may occur by OH- and not CN
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14
Q

FLASHCARD (mechanism for reaction of bromoethane with cyanide ions)

A
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15
Q

symbol + word equation (bromoethane + cyanide ions)

A

CH3CH2Br + KCN –> CH3CH3CN + KBr
bromoethane + potassium cyanide –> propanenitrile + potassium bromide

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16
Q

usefulness of reaction with cyanide ions

A
  • used to lengthen the carbon chain
  • fairly easy to change the -CN into other groups
17
Q

conditions for reaction with ammonia

A
  • warm, carried out in a sealed tube
  • ammonia dissolved in ethanol solution (ethanolic solvent)
  • excess ammonia
18
Q

FLASHCARD (mechanism for reaction of bromoethane + excess ammonia)

A
19
Q

what is a base

A

a proton acceptor

20
Q

what does the ammonia act as in the first and second reaction

A

first: nucleophile
second: base

21
Q

word and symbol equation for reaction of bromoethane with ammonia

A

CH3CH3Br + 2NH3 –> CH3CH2NH2 + NH4Br
bromoethane + ammonia –> ethylamine + ammonium bromide

22
Q

FLASHCARD (mechanism for reaction of bromoethane + water)

A
23
Q

what type of reaction is the reaction with aqueous OH-

A

nucleophilic substitution

24
Q

what type of reaction is the reaction with ethanolic OH-

A

elimination

25
Q

what does the OH- act as in the reaction with ethanolic OH-

A

a base

A-level chemistry (21 decks)

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