Haloalkanes (P2+P3) Flashcards
Mechanism from an alkane to a haloalkane
free radical sub
Stage 1 - initiation
breaking of the halogen bond to form 2 atoms with a dot (unpaired electron)
Why is UV light required for initiation?
it provides energy to break the halogen bond
Stage 2 - propagation steps (general)
step 1;
alkane + halogen radical –> alkyl radical + hydrogen halide
step 2;
alkyl radical + halogen –> haloalkane (desired product) + halogen radical
Stage 3 - termination
2 free radicals join to form a stable molecule with no unpaired electrons.
What is a nucleophile?
an electron pair donor
Name the mechanism, reagents and conditions for haloalkane to Alcohol
nucleophilic sub
reagent: NaOH
conditions: aqueous
Name the mechanism, reagents and conditions for haloalkane to nitrile
nucleophilic sub
reagent: KCN
conditions: ethanol
Name the mechanism, reagents and conditions for haloalkane to amine
nucleophilic sub
reagent: excess NH3
conditions: ethanol + heat
Name the mechanism, reagents and conditions for haloalkanes to alkenes
Elimination
reagent: NaOH
conditions: ethanol solvent
