Haloalkanes and Alkenes Flashcards
Primary halogenoalkanes
One carbon attached to the carbon atom adjoining the halogen.
Secondary halogenoalkanes
Two carbon atoms attached to the carbon atom adjoining the halogen
Tertiary halogenoalkanes
Three carbons attached to the carbon atom adjoining the halogen
What to remember when drawing the nucleophilic substitution mechanism?
Double headed arrows
Goes behind the carbon which the halogen is attached to
Make sure to draw in the dipoles
Make sure the curly arrow comes from the lone pair which is drawn in
remember about the halogen that is displaced
What nucleophiles do Halogenoalkanes undergo nucleophilic substitution?
OH-, CN- and NH₃.
What is the most unreactive and most reactive haloalkane and why?
Unreactive = Fluoroalkanes
Reactive = Iodoalkane
Iodoalkanes have more electrons and so have a larger atomic radius and so there is less attraction between the halogen and the carbon. They have a lower bond enthalpy.
Hydrolysis
The splitting of a molecule by reaction with water.
What colour is Silver Chloride?
White precipitate
What colour is Silver Bromide?
Cream Precipitate
What colour is Silver Iodide?
Yellow Precipitate
How can the rate of reaction be determined from the precipitate?
The faster the precipitate is formed, the faster the rate of reaction.
Conditions needed to substitute a halogen with an OH- ion?
Potassium hydroxide in an aqueous solution under heat.
Conditions needed for nucleophilic substitution of a CN- ion?
Ethanolic (dissolved in ethanol) Potassium Cyanide
Under heat
Conditions needed for Nucleophilic substitution of a haloalkane by NH3?
Excess Ethanolic Ammonia
Under heat and pressure
What happens in an elimination reaction?
A nucleophile attacks a hydrogen atom and such as a hydroxide nucleophile and forms an alkene and water and the halide ion.
What is ozone?
Ozone is an allotrope of oxygen which is found in the upper atmosphere and is beneficial as it filters out lots of the sun’s harmful UV radiation.
What are the three types of radiation from the sun?
UV-A (none absorbed by the ozone)
UV-B (most absorbed by the ozone)
UV-C (all absorbed by the ozone)