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BMS3052 > Hallmarks of Cancer > Flashcards

Hallmarks of Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

List the 6 major hallmarks of cancer.

A 
Sustaining proliferative signalling
Evading Growth suppressors
Resisting cell death
Angiogenesis 
Replicative immortality 
Invasion and metastasis
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2
Q

Give an example of a gene required for apoptosis.

A

p53

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3
Q

Over-expression of which anti-apoptotic protein contributes to resistance of cell death?

A

Bcl2

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4
Q

Which translocation leads to over-expression of Bcl2 (follicular lymphoma)

A

IGH on c14 and Bcl2 on c18

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5
Q

What does chronic BCR activation lead to?

A

Excessive proliferation and B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma

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6
Q

Does removal of H. pylori cause regression of the gastric B-cell lymphoma?

A

Yes, dependent on the signalling

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7
Q

Does removal of gluten cause retraction of the enteropathic T-cell lymphoma?

A

No

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8
Q

What is the mechanism of p53 action?

A

Initials growth arrest for DNA repair to occur. If DNA is not repaired, apoptosis occurs.

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9
Q

What is the mechanism of Rb function?

A

Regulated G1 checkpoint via E2F transcription factors.

Inhibits CDK-cyclins

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10
Q

When is Rb inactive?

A

When it is phosphorylated

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11
Q

What is the molecular basis of mantle cell lymphoma?

A

t(11;14) translocation

Cyclin D is translocated onto immunoglobulin heavy chain enhancer elements

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12
Q

In what percentage of human cancers is TERT activated?

A

85%

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13
Q

Is cycle translocation alone sufficient to cause lymphoma?

A

No, eventually the cells would stop replicating and die. TERT is activated too.

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14
Q

What are the four emerging hallmarks of cancer?

A

Deregulating cellular energetics
Avoiding immune destruction
Genome instability and mutation
Tumour-promoting inflammation

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15
Q

What is the function of isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)?

A

Convert citrate to alpha-ketogluterate

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16
Q

What is the consequence of IDH mutation?

A

Mutated IDH produces alpha-hydroxygluterate, breaking the CAC and causing the Warburg effect
DNA methylation is affected

17
Q

What gene is amplified in Hodgkin lymphoma?

A

PD-L1 and PD-L2, they exhaust T cells

18
Q

What does Venetoclax target?

A

BCL2 (apoptosis inhibitor)

19
Q

What does Ibrutinib target?

A

BCR signalling by inhibiting BTK

20
Q

What is the consequence of chronic BCR over-activation?

A

Excessive proliferation and non-Hodgkin lymphoma

21
Q

If H. pylori removed, does gastric B cell lymphoma regress?

A

Yes, it is dependent on the signalling from H. pylori

22
Q

If gluten is removed, does the enteropathic T-cell lymphoma regress?

A

No

23
Q

Which cell cycle checkpoint is regulated by Rb?

A

G1

24
Q

Explain how Rb functions

A

Inhibited by phosphorylation
Regulates G1 checkpoint via E2F transcription factors
Inhibits CDK-cyclins

25
Q

How does p53 function?

A

Induces growth arrest for DNA repair to occur. If repair cannot occur, apoptosis occurs.

BMS3052 (6 decks)

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