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NUR5111 > Haemotology > Flashcards

Haemotology Flashcards

1
Q

Coagulation cascade:

A
  • Prothrombin to thrombin
  • Thrombin changes fibrinogen to fibrin
  • Causes the cross-linked fibrin coat
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2
Q

Two pathways of the coagulation cascade:

A
  • Intrinsic: important for amplification more than initiation
  • extrinsic: important for initiation, triggered by release of tissue factor from damaged tissue
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3
Q

4 components of clotting:

A
  1. Vascular response - vasoconstriction
  2. Platelet plug formation
  3. Fibrin plug - intrinsic and extrinsic pathway
  4. Lysis of clot
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4
Q

Objective assessment:

A
  1. Lymph node assessment
  2. Palpate liver and spleen
  3. Skin
  4. Eyes, mouth
  5. Neurological
  6. Vital signs
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5
Q

Full Blood Count components:

A
  1. Haemoglobin
  2. Haematocrit (packed cells)
  3. White cell count
  4. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
  5. Platelets
  6. Other: blood typing, Rh factor, iron metabolism
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6
Q

Cause of low Hb:

A
  • inadequate production of RBC
  • inadequate iron intake
  • inadequate folate/vitamin B12
  • microscopic bleeding/blood loss
  • blood cell destruction
  • chronic illness
  • defect in Hb molecule
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7
Q

Haematocrit:

A
  • percentage of packed RBC in a whole blood sample

- influenced by absolute number of cells, but also average size of cells

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8
Q

erythrocyte sedimentation rate:

A
  • time needed for the RBCs in a whole blood sample to settle to the bottom
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9
Q

International Normalised Ratio (INR)

A
  • measure of how long it takes for blood to clot
  • target INR different for different conditions (eg. AF 2-3seconds)
  • higher INR recommended for mechanical heart valve or irregular clotting conditions.
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10
Q

Diagnostics:

A
  • Full Blood Count
  • Coagulation panel (PT, INR, APTT)
  • Liver function tests
  • Platelet count
  • ESR
  • Fibrinogen
  • Iron studies
  • Stool for hemoccult blood
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11
Q

Low Molecular Weight Heparin (LMWH)

A
  • 100-750 times smaller than heparin
  • greater SC availability and longer half-life
  • fewer adverse effects
  • eg. Clexane (enoxaparin)
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12
Q

Prophylactic vs analgesic aspirin doses:

A
  • Prophylactic (platelet coagulation): 100-150mg

- Analgesic/anti-inflammatory effect: 300-600mg

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13
Q

Lymphoma

A

Malignancy of lymphocytes that begins in lymph nodes.

  • Hodgkins (more common in young and male)
  • Non-Hodgkins (90% of lymphomas, B cell (CLL & SLL)
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14
Q

Lymphoma risk factors:

A
  • Radiation exposure
  • Weakened immune system (immunosuppressants, genetics)
  • more common in people with autoimmune diseases
  • caused by infection (eg. helicobacter pylori, HTLV-1)
  • exposure to chemicals/drugs (eg. benzene, herbicides, insecticides)
  • chemotherapy
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15
Q

Diagnosis of lymphoma:

A
  • symptoms (eg. fatigue, infection, lymph node enlargement
  • biopsy
  • blood smear - morphology
  • blood counts
  • immunophenotypic markers
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16
Q

Lymphoma treatment:

A
  • Chemo/radiotherapy
  • monoclonal antibodies
  • stem cell transplant
17
Q

Role of WBC

A
  • fighting pathogens/infection
  • clearing debris
  • healing tissue
18
Q

Role of RBC

A
  • transportation of oxygen and CO2 between pulmonary and systemic circulation
  • risk of anaemia if lacking
19
Q

Role of platelets

A
  • clotting
  • intrinsic clotting cascade
  • risk of bleeding if lacking
20
Q

Nursing considerations when bone marrow is suppressed by disease or treatment?

A
  • reduced platelets –> do not give anticoagulants, antiplatelets or thrombolytics
  • reduced WBC –> do not give immunosuppressants
  • reduced RBC –> may need iron transfusions and regular haemoglobin level testing
21
Q

Causes of iron deficiency anaemia:

A
  • Diet = inadequate diet intake
  • Blood loss due to menstruation = IUDs can cause increased blood loss
  • Pregnancy = mother and baby require a lot of iron for extra RBCs so more iron is needed in pregnancy
22
Q

Iron deficiency anaemia treatments:

A
  • iron infusion

- iron supplements

23
Q

Universal donor:

A
  • O blood type

- no antigens present on cell, therefore no antibodies can destroy them, anyone can take them

24
Q

Universal recipient:

A
  • AB blood type has no antibodies against antigens, therefore can take any blood type

NUR5111 (14 decks)

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